Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb via Eating White Granulated Garri Produced in Nigeria

Pereware Adowei; Elvis Ebenezer; Douye Markmanuel

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11

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Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb via Eating White Granulated Garri Produced in Nigeria

Pereware Adowei, Elvis Ebenezer, Douye Markmanuel

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 9, Issue 4)

Received: 6 October 2019 Accepted: 6 November 2019 Published: 6 July 2020

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Abstract

White granulated garri, an extensively consumed foodstuff in Nigeria made from fermented cassava tubers has recorded little studies on its heavy metals content. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb in commercial white granulated garri commonly sold in three major markets in Port Harcourt, Nigeria were established using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The mean concentrations (x ̅±SD,in mg/kg on dry-weight basis) of heavy metals in garri samples were Cd: 0.021 ± 0.005, Co: 0.027 ± 0.004, Cr: 2.50 ± 0.047, Ni: 0.849 ± 0.021, and Pb: 0.522 ± 0.039 respectively. A food frequency questionnaire-based (FFQ) survey on dietary consumption rates of garri as a source of carbohydrate among consumers and marketers showed that garri accounted for ˃ 97.5% of total carbohydrate consumed in Nigeria. Statistical evaluation of the data by one-way analysis of variance discloses noteworthy differences of metal contents for Cd, Co, Ni and Pb in garri from the study area with the exception of Cr. The mean daily intake of metals (mg/person/day) from garri consumption using dietary modelling was found to be Cd: 1.49 x 10^-4, Co: 1.34 x 10^-5, Cr: 1.24 x 10^-2, Ni: 4.23 x 10^-3 and Pb: 2.60 x 10^-3 respectively. These values are lower than the upper tolerable daily intake limits for heavy metals in food. The target hazard quotients (THQ), health risk index (HRI) and lifetime cancer risk (CR) for Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb indicate that, the probable human health risk associated with consumption of garri for the target population is moderately low at the moment. However, modest consumption rate of the product is recommended due to potential bioaccumulation of heavy metals found in garri.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 9, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11
Page(s)	77-85
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Garri, Heavy Metals, Cassava, Health Risk Assessment

References

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APA Style

Pereware Adowei, Elvis Ebenezer, Douye Markmanuel. (2020). Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb via Eating White Granulated Garri Produced in Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 9(4), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11

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ACS Style

Pereware Adowei; Elvis Ebenezer; Douye Markmanuel. Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb via Eating White Granulated Garri Produced in Nigeria. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2020, 9(4), 77-85. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11

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AMA Style

Pereware Adowei, Elvis Ebenezer, Douye Markmanuel. Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb via Eating White Granulated Garri Produced in Nigeria. Am J Environ Prot. 2020;9(4):77-85. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11,
  author = {Pereware Adowei and Elvis Ebenezer and Douye Markmanuel},
  title = {Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb via Eating White Granulated Garri Produced in Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {77-85},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20200904.11},
  abstract = {White granulated garri, an extensively consumed foodstuff in Nigeria made from fermented cassava tubers has recorded little studies on its heavy metals content. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb in commercial white granulated garri commonly sold in three major markets in Port Harcourt, Nigeria were established using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The mean concentrations (x ̅±SD,in mg/kg on dry-weight basis) of heavy metals in garri samples were Cd: 0.021 ± 0.005, Co: 0.027 ± 0.004, Cr: 2.50 ± 0.047, Ni: 0.849 ± 0.021, and Pb: 0.522 ± 0.039 respectively. A food frequency questionnaire-based (FFQ) survey on dietary consumption rates of garri as a source of carbohydrate among consumers and marketers showed that garri accounted for ˃ 97.5% of total carbohydrate consumed in Nigeria. Statistical evaluation of the data by one-way analysis of variance discloses noteworthy differences of metal contents for Cd, Co, Ni and Pb in garri from the study area with the exception of Cr. The mean daily intake of metals (mg/person/day) from garri consumption using dietary modelling was found to be Cd: 1.49 x 10-4, Co: 1.34 x 10-5, Cr: 1.24 x 10-2, Ni: 4.23 x 10-3 and Pb: 2.60 x 10-3 respectively. These values are lower than the upper tolerable daily intake limits for heavy metals in food. The target hazard quotients (THQ), health risk index (HRI) and lifetime cancer risk (CR) for Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb indicate that, the probable human health risk associated with consumption of garri for the target population is moderately low at the moment. However, modest consumption rate of the product is recommended due to potential bioaccumulation of heavy metals found in garri.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb via Eating White Granulated Garri Produced in Nigeria
AU  - Pereware Adowei
AU  - Elvis Ebenezer
AU  - Douye Markmanuel
Y1  - 2020/07/06
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 77
EP  - 85
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11
AB  - White granulated garri, an extensively consumed foodstuff in Nigeria made from fermented cassava tubers has recorded little studies on its heavy metals content. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb in commercial white granulated garri commonly sold in three major markets in Port Harcourt, Nigeria were established using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The mean concentrations (x ̅±SD,in mg/kg on dry-weight basis) of heavy metals in garri samples were Cd: 0.021 ± 0.005, Co: 0.027 ± 0.004, Cr: 2.50 ± 0.047, Ni: 0.849 ± 0.021, and Pb: 0.522 ± 0.039 respectively. A food frequency questionnaire-based (FFQ) survey on dietary consumption rates of garri as a source of carbohydrate among consumers and marketers showed that garri accounted for ˃ 97.5% of total carbohydrate consumed in Nigeria. Statistical evaluation of the data by one-way analysis of variance discloses noteworthy differences of metal contents for Cd, Co, Ni and Pb in garri from the study area with the exception of Cr. The mean daily intake of metals (mg/person/day) from garri consumption using dietary modelling was found to be Cd: 1.49 x 10-4, Co: 1.34 x 10-5, Cr: 1.24 x 10-2, Ni: 4.23 x 10-3 and Pb: 2.60 x 10-3 respectively. These values are lower than the upper tolerable daily intake limits for heavy metals in food. The target hazard quotients (THQ), health risk index (HRI) and lifetime cancer risk (CR) for Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb indicate that, the probable human health risk associated with consumption of garri for the target population is moderately low at the moment. However, modest consumption rate of the product is recommended due to potential bioaccumulation of heavy metals found in garri.
VL  - 9
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Pereware Adowei

Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Elvis Ebenezer

Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Douye Markmanuel

Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

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APA Style

Pereware Adowei, Elvis Ebenezer, Douye Markmanuel. (2020). Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb via Eating White Granulated Garri Produced in Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 9(4), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11

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ACS Style

Pereware Adowei; Elvis Ebenezer; Douye Markmanuel. Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb via Eating White Granulated Garri Produced in Nigeria. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2020, 9(4), 77-85. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11

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AMA Style

Pereware Adowei, Elvis Ebenezer, Douye Markmanuel. Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb via Eating White Granulated Garri Produced in Nigeria. Am J Environ Prot. 2020;9(4):77-85. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11,
  author = {Pereware Adowei and Elvis Ebenezer and Douye Markmanuel},
  title = {Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb via Eating White Granulated Garri Produced in Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {77-85},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20200904.11},
  abstract = {White granulated garri, an extensively consumed foodstuff in Nigeria made from fermented cassava tubers has recorded little studies on its heavy metals content. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb in commercial white granulated garri commonly sold in three major markets in Port Harcourt, Nigeria were established using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The mean concentrations (x ̅±SD,in mg/kg on dry-weight basis) of heavy metals in garri samples were Cd: 0.021 ± 0.005, Co: 0.027 ± 0.004, Cr: 2.50 ± 0.047, Ni: 0.849 ± 0.021, and Pb: 0.522 ± 0.039 respectively. A food frequency questionnaire-based (FFQ) survey on dietary consumption rates of garri as a source of carbohydrate among consumers and marketers showed that garri accounted for ˃ 97.5% of total carbohydrate consumed in Nigeria. Statistical evaluation of the data by one-way analysis of variance discloses noteworthy differences of metal contents for Cd, Co, Ni and Pb in garri from the study area with the exception of Cr. The mean daily intake of metals (mg/person/day) from garri consumption using dietary modelling was found to be Cd: 1.49 x 10-4, Co: 1.34 x 10-5, Cr: 1.24 x 10-2, Ni: 4.23 x 10-3 and Pb: 2.60 x 10-3 respectively. These values are lower than the upper tolerable daily intake limits for heavy metals in food. The target hazard quotients (THQ), health risk index (HRI) and lifetime cancer risk (CR) for Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb indicate that, the probable human health risk associated with consumption of garri for the target population is moderately low at the moment. However, modest consumption rate of the product is recommended due to potential bioaccumulation of heavy metals found in garri.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb via Eating White Granulated Garri Produced in Nigeria
AU  - Pereware Adowei
AU  - Elvis Ebenezer
AU  - Douye Markmanuel
Y1  - 2020/07/06
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 77
EP  - 85
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20200904.11
AB  - White granulated garri, an extensively consumed foodstuff in Nigeria made from fermented cassava tubers has recorded little studies on its heavy metals content. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb in commercial white granulated garri commonly sold in three major markets in Port Harcourt, Nigeria were established using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The mean concentrations (x ̅±SD,in mg/kg on dry-weight basis) of heavy metals in garri samples were Cd: 0.021 ± 0.005, Co: 0.027 ± 0.004, Cr: 2.50 ± 0.047, Ni: 0.849 ± 0.021, and Pb: 0.522 ± 0.039 respectively. A food frequency questionnaire-based (FFQ) survey on dietary consumption rates of garri as a source of carbohydrate among consumers and marketers showed that garri accounted for ˃ 97.5% of total carbohydrate consumed in Nigeria. Statistical evaluation of the data by one-way analysis of variance discloses noteworthy differences of metal contents for Cd, Co, Ni and Pb in garri from the study area with the exception of Cr. The mean daily intake of metals (mg/person/day) from garri consumption using dietary modelling was found to be Cd: 1.49 x 10-4, Co: 1.34 x 10-5, Cr: 1.24 x 10-2, Ni: 4.23 x 10-3 and Pb: 2.60 x 10-3 respectively. These values are lower than the upper tolerable daily intake limits for heavy metals in food. The target hazard quotients (THQ), health risk index (HRI) and lifetime cancer risk (CR) for Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb indicate that, the probable human health risk associated with consumption of garri for the target population is moderately low at the moment. However, modest consumption rate of the product is recommended due to potential bioaccumulation of heavy metals found in garri.
VL  - 9
IS  - 4
ER  -

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