Pollution Status of Incomati River Estuary Based on Meiofauna Analyses (Free-living Nematodes) in Maputo, Mozambique

Soko Mthobisi Innocent; Gyedu-Ababio Thomas

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12

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Pollution Status of Incomati River Estuary Based on Meiofauna Analyses (Free-living Nematodes) in Maputo, Mozambique

Soko Mthobisi Innocent, Gyedu-Ababio Thomas

Published in Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science (Volume 8, Issue 5)

Received: 23 September 2019 Accepted: 16 October 2019 Published: 23 October 2019

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Abstract

The Incomati Estuary, is located at Latitudes 25.430 S and 25.530 S and Longitudes 32.410 E and 32.44° E and discharges in the northern part of Maputo Bay. Four sites E1 (Oligohaline Zone), E2 (Euhaline Zone), E3 (Mesohaline zone), and E4 (Polyhaline Zone) were selected following the salinity gradient of the Incomati River Estuary. Sediments samples were collected in these sites for both the analyses of meiofauna communities especially free-living nematodes and environmental variables such as Heavy Metal, Chlorophyll-a, Nitrates and Total phosphorus. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to analyses the data, and nematodes were identified into genus level. Higher concentration of Heavy Metals such as Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc, and Aluminium were found at site E2. Nematodes such as Terschellingia and Theristus were found to be suitable indicators in identifying pollution. The Maturity Index further indicated that sites E2 followed by E1 were the polluted sites in the estuary. Further studies confirming the findings of this study must be done in the Incomati River Estuary, and other studies must be done in the African Coast in order to understand free-living nematodes and close the gap in our monitoring strategies.

Published in	Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science (Volume 8, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12
Page(s)	63-76
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Nematodes, Pollution, Sediments, Chlorophyll-a, Metals, Nitrates

References

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Soko Mthobisi Innocent, Gyedu-Ababio Thomas. (2019). Pollution Status of Incomati River Estuary Based on Meiofauna Analyses (Free-living Nematodes) in Maputo, Mozambique. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 8(5), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12

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Soko Mthobisi Innocent; Gyedu-Ababio Thomas. Pollution Status of Incomati River Estuary Based on Meiofauna Analyses (Free-living Nematodes) in Maputo, Mozambique. J. Water Resour. Ocean Sci. 2019, 8(5), 63-76. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12

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Soko Mthobisi Innocent, Gyedu-Ababio Thomas. Pollution Status of Incomati River Estuary Based on Meiofauna Analyses (Free-living Nematodes) in Maputo, Mozambique. J Water Resour Ocean Sci. 2019;8(5):63-76. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12

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@article{10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12,
  author = {Soko Mthobisi Innocent and Gyedu-Ababio Thomas},
  title = {Pollution Status of Incomati River Estuary Based on Meiofauna Analyses (Free-living Nematodes) in Maputo, Mozambique},
  journal = {Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science},
  volume = {8},
  number = {5},
  pages = {63-76},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wros.20190805.12},
  abstract = {The Incomati Estuary, is located at Latitudes 25.430 S and 25.530 S and Longitudes 32.410 E and 32.44° E and discharges in the northern part of Maputo Bay. Four sites E1 (Oligohaline Zone), E2 (Euhaline Zone), E3 (Mesohaline zone), and E4 (Polyhaline Zone) were selected following the salinity gradient of the Incomati River Estuary. Sediments samples were collected in these sites for both the analyses of meiofauna communities especially free-living nematodes and environmental variables such as Heavy Metal, Chlorophyll-a, Nitrates and Total phosphorus. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to analyses the data, and nematodes were identified into genus level. Higher concentration of Heavy Metals such as Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc, and Aluminium were found at site E2. Nematodes such as Terschellingia and Theristus were found to be suitable indicators in identifying pollution. The Maturity Index further indicated that sites E2 followed by E1 were the polluted sites in the estuary. Further studies confirming the findings of this study must be done in the Incomati River Estuary, and other studies must be done in the African Coast in order to understand free-living nematodes and close the gap in our monitoring strategies.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Pollution Status of Incomati River Estuary Based on Meiofauna Analyses (Free-living Nematodes) in Maputo, Mozambique
AU  - Soko Mthobisi Innocent
AU  - Gyedu-Ababio Thomas
Y1  - 2019/10/23
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12
T2  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JF  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JO  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
SP  - 63
EP  - 76
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12
AB  - The Incomati Estuary, is located at Latitudes 25.430 S and 25.530 S and Longitudes 32.410 E and 32.44° E and discharges in the northern part of Maputo Bay. Four sites E1 (Oligohaline Zone), E2 (Euhaline Zone), E3 (Mesohaline zone), and E4 (Polyhaline Zone) were selected following the salinity gradient of the Incomati River Estuary. Sediments samples were collected in these sites for both the analyses of meiofauna communities especially free-living nematodes and environmental variables such as Heavy Metal, Chlorophyll-a, Nitrates and Total phosphorus. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to analyses the data, and nematodes were identified into genus level. Higher concentration of Heavy Metals such as Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc, and Aluminium were found at site E2. Nematodes such as Terschellingia and Theristus were found to be suitable indicators in identifying pollution. The Maturity Index further indicated that sites E2 followed by E1 were the polluted sites in the estuary. Further studies confirming the findings of this study must be done in the Incomati River Estuary, and other studies must be done in the African Coast in order to understand free-living nematodes and close the gap in our monitoring strategies.
VL  - 8
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Soko Mthobisi Innocent

Inkomati-Usuthu Catchment Management Agency, Mbombela, South Africa
Gyedu-Ababio Thomas

Inkomati-Usuthu Catchment Management Agency, Mbombela, South Africa

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Soko Mthobisi Innocent, Gyedu-Ababio Thomas. (2019). Pollution Status of Incomati River Estuary Based on Meiofauna Analyses (Free-living Nematodes) in Maputo, Mozambique. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 8(5), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12

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ACS Style

Soko Mthobisi Innocent; Gyedu-Ababio Thomas. Pollution Status of Incomati River Estuary Based on Meiofauna Analyses (Free-living Nematodes) in Maputo, Mozambique. J. Water Resour. Ocean Sci. 2019, 8(5), 63-76. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12

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AMA Style

Soko Mthobisi Innocent, Gyedu-Ababio Thomas. Pollution Status of Incomati River Estuary Based on Meiofauna Analyses (Free-living Nematodes) in Maputo, Mozambique. J Water Resour Ocean Sci. 2019;8(5):63-76. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12

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@article{10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12,
  author = {Soko Mthobisi Innocent and Gyedu-Ababio Thomas},
  title = {Pollution Status of Incomati River Estuary Based on Meiofauna Analyses (Free-living Nematodes) in Maputo, Mozambique},
  journal = {Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science},
  volume = {8},
  number = {5},
  pages = {63-76},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wros.20190805.12},
  abstract = {The Incomati Estuary, is located at Latitudes 25.430 S and 25.530 S and Longitudes 32.410 E and 32.44° E and discharges in the northern part of Maputo Bay. Four sites E1 (Oligohaline Zone), E2 (Euhaline Zone), E3 (Mesohaline zone), and E4 (Polyhaline Zone) were selected following the salinity gradient of the Incomati River Estuary. Sediments samples were collected in these sites for both the analyses of meiofauna communities especially free-living nematodes and environmental variables such as Heavy Metal, Chlorophyll-a, Nitrates and Total phosphorus. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to analyses the data, and nematodes were identified into genus level. Higher concentration of Heavy Metals such as Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc, and Aluminium were found at site E2. Nematodes such as Terschellingia and Theristus were found to be suitable indicators in identifying pollution. The Maturity Index further indicated that sites E2 followed by E1 were the polluted sites in the estuary. Further studies confirming the findings of this study must be done in the Incomati River Estuary, and other studies must be done in the African Coast in order to understand free-living nematodes and close the gap in our monitoring strategies.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Pollution Status of Incomati River Estuary Based on Meiofauna Analyses (Free-living Nematodes) in Maputo, Mozambique
AU  - Soko Mthobisi Innocent
AU  - Gyedu-Ababio Thomas
Y1  - 2019/10/23
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12
T2  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JF  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JO  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
SP  - 63
EP  - 76
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20190805.12
AB  - The Incomati Estuary, is located at Latitudes 25.430 S and 25.530 S and Longitudes 32.410 E and 32.44° E and discharges in the northern part of Maputo Bay. Four sites E1 (Oligohaline Zone), E2 (Euhaline Zone), E3 (Mesohaline zone), and E4 (Polyhaline Zone) were selected following the salinity gradient of the Incomati River Estuary. Sediments samples were collected in these sites for both the analyses of meiofauna communities especially free-living nematodes and environmental variables such as Heavy Metal, Chlorophyll-a, Nitrates and Total phosphorus. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to analyses the data, and nematodes were identified into genus level. Higher concentration of Heavy Metals such as Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc, and Aluminium were found at site E2. Nematodes such as Terschellingia and Theristus were found to be suitable indicators in identifying pollution. The Maturity Index further indicated that sites E2 followed by E1 were the polluted sites in the estuary. Further studies confirming the findings of this study must be done in the Incomati River Estuary, and other studies must be done in the African Coast in order to understand free-living nematodes and close the gap in our monitoring strategies.
VL  - 8
IS  - 5
ER  -

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