Due to a non-vertical orientation of the stem or branch, which may begin as responses of prevailing winds, snow, slope, or asymmetric crown shape, a specialized wood tissue forms, is called “reaction wood”. In hardwood species, the reaction wood tends to form on the upper side of a leaning stem or branch, is known to as “tension wood”. It is usually related with eccentric growth and changes in structure and chemistry of wood. During the formation of tension wood many changes found in wood cells, especially in wood fibers. The changes of wood properties in tension portion result different shrinkage characteristics during drying, creates a serious problem at adjacent portion of normal wood. However, tension wood is problematic in the hardwood industries and this wood is economically less valued. However, the studies on tension wood are necessary for beneficial applications in the wood industries sectors as well as research sectors. The knowledge on tension wood anatomy is still a matter for tree growers and timber processors, especially who are often involved in the furniture making. Besides, the understanding of tension wood formation provides a unique opportunity to obtain information on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms in the expression patterns of genes/proteins. The studies on reaction wood anatomy are not enough that we concluded any model. This review describes the features of fibers in tension wood todate, including secondary wall layers structure. Until date, six types structure of secondary cell wall layers for tension wood fibers such as, S1 + S2 + S3 + G, S1 + S2 + G, S1 + G, S1 + Ǵ, S1 + S2, and S1 + S2 + S3 have been reported, which considered being involved in plant evolution.
| Published in | Plant (Volume 1, Issue 5) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.plant.20130105.12 |
| Page(s) | 54-59 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Angiosperm, Cell Wall Layers, Microfibril Angle, Tension Wood, Wood Fiber
| [1] | Jane FW. 1970. The Structure of Wood. Adam and Charles Black, London. |
| [2] | Core HA, Côté WA and Day AC. 1979. Wood Structure and Identification. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York. |
| [3] | Butterfield BG and Meylan BA. 1980. Three Dimensional Structure of Wood: An Ultrastructural Approach. Chapman and Hall, London. |
| [4] | Wilson K and White DJB. 1986. The Anatomy of Wood, its Diversity and Variability. Stobart, London. |
| [5] | Onaka F. 1949. Studies on compression and tension wood. Wood Res., 1: 1–88 (in Japanese). |
| [6] | Côté WA Jr and Day AC. 1965. Anatomy and ultrastructure of reaction wood. In W.A.Jr. Côté (ed.), Cellular ultrastructure of woody plants. Syracuse University Press, New York., 391-418. |
| [7] | Wardrop AB. 1965. The formation and function of reaction wood. In W.A.Jr. Côté (ed.), Cellular ultrastructure of woody plants, Syracuse University Press, New York, 371-390. |
| [8] | Scurfield G. 1973. Reaction wood: its structure and function. Science, 179: 647-655. |
| [9] | Wilson BF and Archer RR. 1977. Reaction wood: Induction and mechanical action. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 28: 23-43. |
| [10] | Fisher JB and Stevenson JW. 1981. Occurrence of reaction wood in branches of dicotyledons and its role in tree architecture. Botanical Gazette, 142: 82-95. |
| [11] | Timell TE. 1986a. Compression wood in gymnosperms I. Springer-Verlag, Berlin New York. |
| [12] | Timell TE. 1986b. Compression wood in gymnosperms II. Springer-Verlag, Berlin New York. |
| [13] | Timell TE. 1986c. Compression wood in gymnosperms III. Springer-Verlag, Berlin New York. |
| [14] | International Association of Wood Anatomists. 1964. Multilingual glossary of terms used in wood anatomy. Winterthur, Verlagsanstalt Buchdruckerei Konkordia. |
| [15] | Archer RR. 1986. Growth Stresses and Strains in Trees. Springer Verlag, Berlin. |
| [16] | Fournier M, Chanson B, Thibaut B and Guitard D. 1991. Mechanics of standing trees: modelling a growing structure submitted to continuous and fluctuating loads. 2. Tridimensional analysis of maturation stresses. Case of standard hardwood. Annals of Forest Science, 48: 527–546. |
| [17] | Moulia B, Coutand C and Lenne C. 2006. Posture control and skeletal mechanical acclimation in terrestrial plants: implications for mechanical modeling of plant architecture. Am. J. Bot., 93: 1477–1489. |
| [18] | Alme´ras T and Fournier M. 2009. Biomechanical design and long-term stability of trees: morphological and wood traits involved in the balance between weight increase and the gravitropic reaction. J. Theor. Biol., 256: 370–381. |
| [19] | Bowling AJ and Vaughn KC. 2009. Gelatinous fibers are widespread in coiling tendrils and twining vines. Am. J. Bot., 96: 719–727. |
| [20] | Du S and Yamamoto F. 2007. An overview of the biology of reaction wood formation. J. Integrat. Plant Biol., 49(2): 131−143. |
| [21] | Dadswell HE and Wardrop AB. 1955. The structure and properties of tension wood. Holzforchung, 9:97-104. |
| [22] | Fang C-H, Clair B, Gril1 J and Liu S-Q. 2008. Growth stresses are highly controlled by the amount of G-layer in poplar tension wood. IAWA J., 29(3): 237–246. |
| [23] | Sultana RS, Ishiguri F, Yokota S, Iizuka K, Hiraiwa T and Yoshizawa N. 2010. Wood anatomy of nine Japanese hardwood species forming reaction wood without gelatinous fibers. IAWA J., 31(2): 191-202. |
| [24] | Hillis WE, Evans R and Washusen R. 2004. An unusual formation of tension wood in a natural forest Acacia sp. Holzforschung, 58: 241–245. |
| [25] | Yoshizawa N, Inami A, Miyake S, Ishiguri F and Yokota S. 2000. Anatomy and lignin distribution of reaction wood in two Magnolia species. Wood Science and Technology, 34: 183-196. |
| [26] | Hiraiwa T, Yamamoto Y, Ishiguri F, Iizuka K, Yokota S and Yoshizawa N. 2007. Cell wall structure and lignin distribution in the reaction wood fiber of Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus Makino. Cellulose Chemistry and Technol., 41: 537-543. |
| [27] | Saiki H and Ono K, 1971. Cell wall organization of gelatinous fibers in tension wood. Bull. Kyoto Univ. For., 43: 210-217. |
| [28] | Fujita M, Saiki H and Harada H. 1974. Electron microscopy of microtubules and cellulose microfibrils in secondary wall formation of poplar tension wood fibers. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 20: 147–156. |
| [29] | Norberg PH and Meier H. 1966. Physical and chemical properties of the gelatinous layer in tension wood fibres of aspen (Populus tremula L.). Holzforschung, 20: 174-178. |
| [30] | Okuyama T, Yamamoto H, Iguchi M and Yoshida M. 1990. Generation process of growth stresses in cell walls II: Growth stresses in tension wood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 36: 797-803. |
| [31] | Okuyama T, Yamamoto H, Yoshida M, Hattori Y and Archer RR. 1994. Growth stresses in tension wood: Role of microfibrils and lignification. Annals of Forest Science, 51: 291-300. |
| [32] | Timell TE. 1969. The chemical composition of tension wood. Svensk Papperstidnig, 72: 173-181. |
| [33] | Sarkanen KV and Hergert HL. 1971. Classification and distribution. In KV Sarkanen, CH Ludwig (eds.), Lignins: Occurrence, formation, structure and reaction, Wiley-Interscience Press, New York, 1-18. |
| [34] | Sugiyama K, Okuyama T, Yamamoto H and Yoshida M. 1993. Generation process of growth stresses in cell walls: relation between longitudinal released strain and chemical composition. Wood Science and Technology, 27: 257- 262. |
| [35] | Baba K, Ona T, Takabe K, Itoh T and Ito K. 1996. Chemical and anatomical characterization of the tension wood of Eucalyptus camaldulensis L. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 42: 795-798. |
| [36] | Bowling AJ and Vaughn KC. 2008. Immunocytochemical characterization of tension wood: gelatinous fibers contain more than just cellulose. Am. J. Bot., 95: 655–663. |
| [37] | Mellerowicz EJ, Immerzeel P and Hayashi T. 2008. Xyloglucan: the molecular muscle of trees. Ann. Bot. (Lond), 102: 659–665. |
| [38] | Okuyama T, Yoshida M and Yamamoto H. 1995. An estimation of the turgor pressure change as one of the factors of growth stress generation in cell walls: diurnal change of tangential strain of inner bark. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 41: 1070–1078. |
| [39] | Yamamoto H. 2004. Role of the gelatinous layer on the origin of the physical properties of the tension wood. J. Wood Sci., 50: 197–208. |
| [40] | Nishikubo N, Awano T, Banasiak A, Bourquin V, Ibatullin F, Funada R, Brumer H, Teeri TT, Hayashi T and Sundberg B. 2007. Xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase (XET) functions in gelatinous layers of tension wood fibers in poplar: a glimpse into the mechanism of the balancing act of trees. Plant Cell Physiol., 48: 843–855. |
| [41] | Goswami L, Dunlop JWC, Jungnikl K, Eder M, Gierlinger N, Coutand C, Jeronimidis G, Fratzl P and Burgert I. 2008. Stress generation in the tension wood of poplar is based on the lateral swelling power of the G-layer. Plant J., 56: 531–538. |
| [42] | Clair B, Gril J, Di Renzo F, Yamamoto H and Quignard F. 2008. Characterization of a gel in the cell wall to elucidate the paradoxical shrinkage of tension wood. Biomacromolecules, 9: 494–498. |
| [43] | Clair B and Thibaut B. 2001. Shrinkage of the gelatinous layer of poplar and beech tension wood. IAWA J., 22: 121–131. |
| [44] | Ruelle J, Yamamoto H and Thibaut B. 2007. Growth stresses and cellulose structural parameters in tension and normal wood from three tropical rainforest angiosperm species. Bio Resources, 2: 235–251. |
| [45] | Clair B, Ruelle J, Beaucheˆne J, Pre´vost MF and Djimbi MF. 2006. Tension wood and opposite wood in 21 tropical rain forest species. 1. Occurrence and efficiency of the G-layer. IAWA J., 27: 329–338. |
| [46] | Plomion C, Leprovost G and Stokes A. 2001. Wood formation in trees. Plant Physiol., 127: 1513–1523. |
| [47] | Fengel D and Wegener G. 1989. Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin. |
| [48] | Barnett JR and Bonham VA. 2004. Cellulose microfibril angle in the cell wall of wood fibres. Biological Rev., 79: 461–472. |
| [49] | Gierlinger N and Schwanninger M. 2006. Chemical Imaging of Poplar Wood Cell Walls by Confocal Raman Microscopy. Plant Physiol., 140: 1246–1254. |
| [50] | Côté, WA, Day AC and Timell TE. 1969. A contribution to the ultrastructure of tension wood fibres. Wood Science and Technology, 3: 257–271. |
| [51] | Araki N, Fujita M, Saiki H and Harada H. 1982. Transition of fiber wall structure from normal wood to tension wood in Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Populus euramericana Guinier. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 28: 267-273. |
| [52] | Mukogawa Y, Nobuchi T and Sahri MH. 2003. Tension wood anatomy in artificially induced leaning stems of some tropical trees. Forest Research, Kyoto, 75: 27-33. |
| [53] | Yoshida M, Okuda T and Okuyama T. 2000. Tension wood and growth stress induced by artificial inclination in Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. and Prunus spachiana Kitamura f. ascendens Kitamura. Annals of Forest Science, 57: 739-746. |
| [54] | Araki N, Fujita M, Saiki H and Harada H. 1983. Transition of fiber wall structure from normal wood to tension wood in certain species having gelationous fibers of S1 + G and S1 + S2 + S3 + G types. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 29: 491-499. |
| [55] | Dickison WC. 2000. Evolutionary, physiological, and ecological plant anatomy. In: W.C, Dickison (ed.), Integrative plant anatomy, Elsevier, San Diego, California, USA., 203-332. |
| [56] | Kribs DA. 1935. Salient lines of structure specialization in the wood rays of dicotyledons. Botanical Gazette, 96: 547-556. |
APA Style
Rubaiyat Sharmin Sultana, Md. Mahabubur Rahman. (2013). A Review on Structures of Secondary Wall in Reaction Wood Fiber of Hardwood Species. Plant, 1(5), 54-59. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130105.12
ACS Style
Rubaiyat Sharmin Sultana; Md. Mahabubur Rahman. A Review on Structures of Secondary Wall in Reaction Wood Fiber of Hardwood Species. Plant. 2013, 1(5), 54-59. doi: 10.11648/j.plant.20130105.12
AMA Style
Rubaiyat Sharmin Sultana, Md. Mahabubur Rahman. A Review on Structures of Secondary Wall in Reaction Wood Fiber of Hardwood Species. Plant. 2013;1(5):54-59. doi: 10.11648/j.plant.20130105.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.plant.20130105.12,
author = {Rubaiyat Sharmin Sultana and Md. Mahabubur Rahman},
title = {A Review on Structures of Secondary Wall in Reaction Wood Fiber of Hardwood Species},
journal = {Plant},
volume = {1},
number = {5},
pages = {54-59},
doi = {10.11648/j.plant.20130105.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130105.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.plant.20130105.12},
abstract = {Due to a non-vertical orientation of the stem or branch, which may begin as responses of prevailing winds, snow, slope, or asymmetric crown shape, a specialized wood tissue forms, is called “reaction wood”. In hardwood species, the reaction wood tends to form on the upper side of a leaning stem or branch, is known to as “tension wood”. It is usually related with eccentric growth and changes in structure and chemistry of wood. During the formation of tension wood many changes found in wood cells, especially in wood fibers. The changes of wood properties in tension portion result different shrinkage characteristics during drying, creates a serious problem at adjacent portion of normal wood. However, tension wood is problematic in the hardwood industries and this wood is economically less valued. However, the studies on tension wood are necessary for beneficial applications in the wood industries sectors as well as research sectors. The knowledge on tension wood anatomy is still a matter for tree growers and timber processors, especially who are often involved in the furniture making. Besides, the understanding of tension wood formation provides a unique opportunity to obtain information on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms in the expression patterns of genes/proteins. The studies on reaction wood anatomy are not enough that we concluded any model. This review describes the features of fibers in tension wood todate, including secondary wall layers structure. Until date, six types structure of secondary cell wall layers for tension wood fibers such as, S1 + S2 + S3 + G, S1 + S2 + G, S1 + G, S1 + Ǵ, S1 + S2, and S1 + S2 + S3 have been reported, which considered being involved in plant evolution.},
year = {2013}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - A Review on Structures of Secondary Wall in Reaction Wood Fiber of Hardwood Species AU - Rubaiyat Sharmin Sultana AU - Md. Mahabubur Rahman Y1 - 2013/11/20 PY - 2013 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130105.12 DO - 10.11648/j.plant.20130105.12 T2 - Plant JF - Plant JO - Plant SP - 54 EP - 59 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2331-0677 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130105.12 AB - Due to a non-vertical orientation of the stem or branch, which may begin as responses of prevailing winds, snow, slope, or asymmetric crown shape, a specialized wood tissue forms, is called “reaction wood”. In hardwood species, the reaction wood tends to form on the upper side of a leaning stem or branch, is known to as “tension wood”. It is usually related with eccentric growth and changes in structure and chemistry of wood. During the formation of tension wood many changes found in wood cells, especially in wood fibers. The changes of wood properties in tension portion result different shrinkage characteristics during drying, creates a serious problem at adjacent portion of normal wood. However, tension wood is problematic in the hardwood industries and this wood is economically less valued. However, the studies on tension wood are necessary for beneficial applications in the wood industries sectors as well as research sectors. The knowledge on tension wood anatomy is still a matter for tree growers and timber processors, especially who are often involved in the furniture making. Besides, the understanding of tension wood formation provides a unique opportunity to obtain information on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms in the expression patterns of genes/proteins. The studies on reaction wood anatomy are not enough that we concluded any model. This review describes the features of fibers in tension wood todate, including secondary wall layers structure. Until date, six types structure of secondary cell wall layers for tension wood fibers such as, S1 + S2 + S3 + G, S1 + S2 + G, S1 + G, S1 + Ǵ, S1 + S2, and S1 + S2 + S3 have been reported, which considered being involved in plant evolution. VL - 1 IS - 5 ER -
Email: