Morphology as Clue to Developmental Regulation: Stomata

Valentin Krassilov; Alex Berner; Sophia Barinova

doi:doi:10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11

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Morphology as Clue to Developmental Regulation: Stomata

Valentin Krassilov, Alex Berner, Sophia Barinova

Published in Plant (Volume 1, Issue 3)

Received: 30 July 2013 Published: 20 August 2013

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Abstract

Incipient stomata might have appeared in thalloid alga-like land plants as sporophytic structures homologous to gametangial conceptacles of their isomorphic gametophytes and developed in association with vascular tissue and cuticle. Historically, stomatal evolution is correlated with growth habits and synecological events like the early terrestrial plant expansion from wetland to dryland habitats or the appearance of arboreal and grass canopies. The general tendency of elaboration and aggregation of stomatal complexes was reversed with reduction of vegetative growth at such phylum initiating events as the origin of angiosperms. Stomata links ambient environment with leaf surface air layer and the air of intercellular spaces, balancing the reduction and oxidation reactions involved in photosynthesis. Adaptive responses to environmental change require adjustments of transpiration rates through stomatal density regulation, such as revealed in Ricotia lunaria ecotypes of mesic and xeric slopes of a canyon, with the differences in Stomatal Index comparable to those obtained by experimental exposure to mildly elevated CO2 levels. Long term responses include morphological elaboration of stomatal complexes and their aggregates providing for developmental stability, scarcely impaired by occasional aberrations. Distribution of stomatal complexes correlates with vascularizaton and wax biosynthesis controlled by auxin and ABA hormones respectively at the cell differentiation level. Stomatal transcription factors respond to the interfering auxin/brassinosteroid/ABA signaling mediated by kinaze receptors and their ligands. Stomatal developmental feedbacks are probably conferred by the pH activated protease and oxidative stress activated (’mitogen activated’) protein kinase cascades. This way the hormonal response to environmental pressure is converted into the chemical free energy potential of phosphorylation contributing to internal energy of structural innovation. Universality of this scheme may explain correlation of stomatal development with the whole plant growth habit, ecology and evolution.

Published in	Plant (Volume 1, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11
Page(s)	30-44
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Plant Evolution, Developmental Regulation, Stomata

References

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Valentin Krassilov, Alex Berner, Sophia Barinova. (2013). Morphology as Clue to Developmental Regulation: Stomata. Plant, 1(3), 30-44. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11

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Valentin Krassilov; Alex Berner; Sophia Barinova. Morphology as Clue to Developmental Regulation: Stomata. Plant. 2013, 1(3), 30-44. doi: 10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11

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Valentin Krassilov, Alex Berner, Sophia Barinova. Morphology as Clue to Developmental Regulation: Stomata. Plant. 2013;1(3):30-44. doi: 10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11

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@article{10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11,
  author = {Valentin Krassilov and Alex Berner and Sophia Barinova},
  title = {Morphology as Clue to Developmental Regulation: Stomata},
  journal = {Plant},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {30-44},
  doi = {10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.plant.20130103.11},
  abstract = {Incipient stomata might have appeared in thalloid alga-like land plants as sporophytic structures homologous to gametangial conceptacles of their isomorphic gametophytes and developed in association with vascular tissue and cuticle. Historically, stomatal evolution is correlated with growth habits and synecological events like the early terrestrial plant expansion from wetland to dryland habitats or the appearance of arboreal and grass canopies. The general tendency of elaboration and aggregation of stomatal complexes was reversed with reduction of vegetative growth at such phylum initiating events as the origin of angiosperms. Stomata links ambient environment with leaf surface air layer and the air of intercellular spaces, balancing the reduction and oxidation reactions involved in photosynthesis. Adaptive responses to environmental change require adjustments of transpiration rates through stomatal density regulation, such as revealed in Ricotia lunaria ecotypes of mesic and xeric slopes of a canyon, with the differences in Stomatal Index comparable to those obtained by experimental exposure to mildly elevated CO2 levels. Long term responses include morphological elaboration of stomatal complexes and their aggregates providing for developmental stability, scarcely impaired by occasional aberrations. Distribution of stomatal complexes correlates with vascularizaton and wax biosynthesis controlled by auxin and ABA hormones respectively at the cell differentiation level. Stomatal transcription factors respond to the interfering auxin/brassinosteroid/ABA signaling mediated by kinaze receptors and their ligands. Stomatal developmental feedbacks are probably conferred by the pH activated protease and oxidative stress activated (’mitogen activated’) protein kinase cascades. This way the hormonal response to environmental pressure is converted into the chemical free energy potential of phosphorylation contributing to internal energy of structural innovation. Universality of this scheme may explain correlation of stomatal development with the whole plant growth habit, ecology and evolution.},
 year = {2013}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Morphology as Clue to Developmental Regulation: Stomata
AU  - Valentin Krassilov
AU  - Alex Berner
AU  - Sophia Barinova
Y1  - 2013/08/20
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11
T2  - Plant
JF  - Plant
JO  - Plant
SP  - 30
EP  - 44
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2331-0677
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11
AB  - Incipient stomata might have appeared in thalloid alga-like land plants as sporophytic structures homologous to gametangial conceptacles of their isomorphic gametophytes and developed in association with vascular tissue and cuticle. Historically, stomatal evolution is correlated with growth habits and synecological events like the early terrestrial plant expansion from wetland to dryland habitats or the appearance of arboreal and grass canopies. The general tendency of elaboration and aggregation of stomatal complexes was reversed with reduction of vegetative growth at such phylum initiating events as the origin of angiosperms. Stomata links ambient environment with leaf surface air layer and the air of intercellular spaces, balancing the reduction and oxidation reactions involved in photosynthesis. Adaptive responses to environmental change require adjustments of transpiration rates through stomatal density regulation, such as revealed in Ricotia lunaria ecotypes of mesic and xeric slopes of a canyon, with the differences in Stomatal Index comparable to those obtained by experimental exposure to mildly elevated CO2 levels. Long term responses include morphological elaboration of stomatal complexes and their aggregates providing for developmental stability, scarcely impaired by occasional aberrations. Distribution of stomatal complexes correlates with vascularizaton and wax biosynthesis controlled by auxin and ABA hormones respectively at the cell differentiation level. Stomatal transcription factors respond to the interfering auxin/brassinosteroid/ABA signaling mediated by kinaze receptors and their ligands. Stomatal developmental feedbacks are probably conferred by the pH activated protease and oxidative stress activated (’mitogen activated’) protein kinase cascades. This way the hormonal response to environmental pressure is converted into the chemical free energy potential of phosphorylation contributing to internal energy of structural innovation. Universality of this scheme may explain correlation of stomatal development with the whole plant growth habit, ecology and evolution.
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Valentin Krassilov

Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
Alex Berner

Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
Sophia Barinova

Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel

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Valentin Krassilov, Alex Berner, Sophia Barinova. (2013). Morphology as Clue to Developmental Regulation: Stomata. Plant, 1(3), 30-44. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11

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Valentin Krassilov; Alex Berner; Sophia Barinova. Morphology as Clue to Developmental Regulation: Stomata. Plant. 2013, 1(3), 30-44. doi: 10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11

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AMA Style

Valentin Krassilov, Alex Berner, Sophia Barinova. Morphology as Clue to Developmental Regulation: Stomata. Plant. 2013;1(3):30-44. doi: 10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11

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@article{10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11,
  author = {Valentin Krassilov and Alex Berner and Sophia Barinova},
  title = {Morphology as Clue to Developmental Regulation: Stomata},
  journal = {Plant},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {30-44},
  doi = {10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.plant.20130103.11},
  abstract = {Incipient stomata might have appeared in thalloid alga-like land plants as sporophytic structures homologous to gametangial conceptacles of their isomorphic gametophytes and developed in association with vascular tissue and cuticle. Historically, stomatal evolution is correlated with growth habits and synecological events like the early terrestrial plant expansion from wetland to dryland habitats or the appearance of arboreal and grass canopies. The general tendency of elaboration and aggregation of stomatal complexes was reversed with reduction of vegetative growth at such phylum initiating events as the origin of angiosperms. Stomata links ambient environment with leaf surface air layer and the air of intercellular spaces, balancing the reduction and oxidation reactions involved in photosynthesis. Adaptive responses to environmental change require adjustments of transpiration rates through stomatal density regulation, such as revealed in Ricotia lunaria ecotypes of mesic and xeric slopes of a canyon, with the differences in Stomatal Index comparable to those obtained by experimental exposure to mildly elevated CO2 levels. Long term responses include morphological elaboration of stomatal complexes and their aggregates providing for developmental stability, scarcely impaired by occasional aberrations. Distribution of stomatal complexes correlates with vascularizaton and wax biosynthesis controlled by auxin and ABA hormones respectively at the cell differentiation level. Stomatal transcription factors respond to the interfering auxin/brassinosteroid/ABA signaling mediated by kinaze receptors and their ligands. Stomatal developmental feedbacks are probably conferred by the pH activated protease and oxidative stress activated (’mitogen activated’) protein kinase cascades. This way the hormonal response to environmental pressure is converted into the chemical free energy potential of phosphorylation contributing to internal energy of structural innovation. Universality of this scheme may explain correlation of stomatal development with the whole plant growth habit, ecology and evolution.},
 year = {2013}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Morphology as Clue to Developmental Regulation: Stomata
AU  - Valentin Krassilov
AU  - Alex Berner
AU  - Sophia Barinova
Y1  - 2013/08/20
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11
T2  - Plant
JF  - Plant
JO  - Plant
SP  - 30
EP  - 44
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2331-0677
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130103.11
AB  - Incipient stomata might have appeared in thalloid alga-like land plants as sporophytic structures homologous to gametangial conceptacles of their isomorphic gametophytes and developed in association with vascular tissue and cuticle. Historically, stomatal evolution is correlated with growth habits and synecological events like the early terrestrial plant expansion from wetland to dryland habitats or the appearance of arboreal and grass canopies. The general tendency of elaboration and aggregation of stomatal complexes was reversed with reduction of vegetative growth at such phylum initiating events as the origin of angiosperms. Stomata links ambient environment with leaf surface air layer and the air of intercellular spaces, balancing the reduction and oxidation reactions involved in photosynthesis. Adaptive responses to environmental change require adjustments of transpiration rates through stomatal density regulation, such as revealed in Ricotia lunaria ecotypes of mesic and xeric slopes of a canyon, with the differences in Stomatal Index comparable to those obtained by experimental exposure to mildly elevated CO2 levels. Long term responses include morphological elaboration of stomatal complexes and their aggregates providing for developmental stability, scarcely impaired by occasional aberrations. Distribution of stomatal complexes correlates with vascularizaton and wax biosynthesis controlled by auxin and ABA hormones respectively at the cell differentiation level. Stomatal transcription factors respond to the interfering auxin/brassinosteroid/ABA signaling mediated by kinaze receptors and their ligands. Stomatal developmental feedbacks are probably conferred by the pH activated protease and oxidative stress activated (’mitogen activated’) protein kinase cascades. This way the hormonal response to environmental pressure is converted into the chemical free energy potential of phosphorylation contributing to internal energy of structural innovation. Universality of this scheme may explain correlation of stomatal development with the whole plant growth habit, ecology and evolution.
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
ER  -

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