| Peer-Reviewed

Depression Among Chinese Left-Behind Children: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis, 2006-2018

Received: 26 October 2022     Accepted: 14 November 2022     Published: 29 November 2022
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

With the steady increase of rural-to-urban migrant laborer over the past decades in China, a growing number of rural children and adolescents has been left at home, called children left-behind, by one or both parents who cannot afford to bring their families to the cities where they work. And the mental health of them has gradually received widespread attention especially in depression. The study uses the method of cross-temporal meta-analysis to analyze 26 studies that used the Child Depression Inventory (CDI), ranging from 2006 to 2018 and covering 17498 left-behind children, to explore the changes in depression levels of left-behind children in Chinese rural areas over the years. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the total average scores of the CDI and the years (r. = 0.42). The total average scores of the CDI have increased by 0.68 standard deviations for the past 12 years (d. = 0.68). Besides, the socioeconomic indicators from 5 years ago and the present year, including the urbanization level, resident consumption level, and consumer price index of China, significantly positively correlated with the total average scores of the CDI (r. = 0.33 ~ 0.35). The results suggested that the depression level of the left-behind children has been increasing year by year in recent 12 years, and the standard deviation of the left-behind children's depression level has also been increasing year by year. Furthermore, these socioeconomic factors were likely to be important factors in predicting the depression level of left-behind children. The risk of mental health problems among this large number of left-behind children indicates the urgent need for families, schools and society to work together and provide sufficient care to improve their mental status and cultivate good qualities.

Published in Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (Volume 11, Issue 6)
DOI 10.11648/j.pbs.20221106.13
Page(s) 193-200
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Left-Behind Children, Depression, Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis

References
[1] Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical power analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 1 (3), 98-101.
[2] Duan Chengrong, & Zhou Fulin. (2005). A study on children left behind. Population Research, 29 (01), 29-36.
[3] Gao Wenbin, Wang Ting, Liu Zhengkui, & Wang Xiangling. (2007). Characteristics and influencing factors of depression in rural left-behind children. Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Science, 16 (3), 238-240.
[4] Gao Yajing, Zhao Chunxia, Zhang Jingxu, & Wang Xiaoli. (2018). Effect of parental labor migration on early development of children aged 0~3 years Old. Chinese Journal of Reproductive Health, 29 (4), 301-306.
[5] Ghaemi, S. N., Sachs, G. S., Chiou, A. M., Pandurangi, A. K., & Goodwin, F. K. (1999). Is bipolar disorder still underdiagnosed? Are antidepressants overutilized? Journal of Affective Disorders, 52 (1-3), 135-144.
[6] He, B., Fan, J., Liu, N., Li, H., Wang, Y., Williams, J., & Wong, K. (2012). Depression risk of left-behind children in rural China. Psychiatry Research, 200 (2-3). 306-312.
[7] Huang Qingling, Yong Na, Hu Hua, Yang Xiangying, Du Lian, & Meng Huaqing. (2015). Relationship between coping styles of patients with depression and childhood abuse. Chongqing Medicine, 44 (5), 613-615.
[8] Huo Tuanying. (2003). Human mental health in the modernization process. Journal of the Party School of Hangzhou Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, 4 (5), 73 - 75.
[9] Kovacs, M., & Beck, A. T. (1977). A rating scale for depression. Depression in Childhood, 23. 21-25.
[10] Liang Juan. (2019). Implications of mental health of left-behind children for education and teaching - a review and discussion of research on depression and related influencing factors of left-behind children. Language Teaching Newsletter-D (Academic Journal), 1034 (02), 42-44.
[11] Li Li. (2017). A study on depressive symptoms of single left-behind children in Chongqing. Western China Quality Education, 3 (17), 103-157.
[12] Li Tao, Gong Cuifeng, Gu Shijun, & Shi Yuchan. (2004). A follow-up study of familial intervention on juvenile mental disorder. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Health, 16 (10), 630-632.
[13] Li Xueyan. (2019). Reliability and validity of the world health organization five-item well-being index (WHO- (WHO-5) for screening depressive disorders of children in contiguous destitute areas. Journal of Social Work, 2019 (01), 72-80.
[14] Markar, H. R., & Mander, A. J. (1989). Efficacy of lithium prophylaxis in clinical practice. Br J Psychiatry, 155 (04), 496.
[15] Peng Xi. (2015). Influence of left-behind high school students' teacher-student relationship for emotional adjustment-mediated by positive psychological capital (Master's Thesis). Hunan University of Science and Technology.
[16] Qian Mingyi, & Xiao Guanglan. (1998). A study on the correlation between adolescents' mental health level, self-efficacy, self-esteem and parenting style. Journal of Psychological Science (06), 553-555.
[17] Shi Meng, Li Ning, Lu Wenyu, Yu Xinyue, & Xin Sufei. (2019). A cross-temporal meta-analysis of changes in Chinese college students social anxiety during 1998-2015. Psychological Research, 12 (06), 540-547.
[18] Twenge, J. M. (2001). Changes in women's assertiveness in response to status and roles: a cross-temporal meta-analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 81 (1). 1931-1993.
[19] Twenge, J. M. & Campbell, K. W. (2001). Age and birth cohort differences in self -esteem: Cross-temporal meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5 (4), 321-344.
[20] Wang Tiezhu. (2012). Research on depression and the influence factors of left-behind children in rural area of one county of Anhui (Master's Thesis). Anhui Medical University.
[21] Wang, Y., Le Xiao, Rao, W., Chai, J., Zhang, S., Ng, C. H., Xiang, Y. (2018). The prevalence of depressive symptoms in ‘left-behind children’ in China: a meta-analysis of comparative studies and epidemiological surveys. Journal of Affective Disorders, 244. 209-216.
[22] Wang Yijun. (2020). A comparative study of the relationships among teacher-student relationship and emotional adjustment in non-left-behind and left-behind high school students: a moderated mediation model of self-esteem and social comparison orientation (Master's Thesis). Xinyang Normal University.
[23] Wang Yuqiong, Ma Xinli, & Wang Tianhe. (2005). Problem children-Sample survey of left-behind children in rural areas. China Statistics, (1), 59-60.
[24] Xin Ziqiang, & Chi Liping. (2008). Cross-sectional historical research: examining psychological development in social change with meta-analysis. Journal of East China Normal University (Educational Sciences), 26 (02), 44-51.
[25] Xin Ziqiang, Zhang Mei, & He Lin. (2012). Changes in college students' mental health: a cross-temporal meta-analysis. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 44 (05), 664-679.
[26] Ying, L., Lei, W., & Guoqiang, R. (2017). Depression among left-behind children in China. Journal of health psychology, 22 (14).
[27] Yu Guoliang, Li Tianran, & Wang Qing. (2015). An investigation into mental health education at schools in central China. Chinese Journal of Special Education, 2015 (04), 70-75.
[28] Zhao Jingxin, Liu Xia, & Shen Jiliang. (2008). Left-home adolescents' perception of social support networks and their associations with individual depression and loneliness: variable-centered and person-centered perspectives. Psychological Development and Education, (01), 36-42.
[29] Zhao Jingxin, Wang Huanhong, & Wang Shifeng. (2010). The relationship between stressful life events and depression and antisocial behavior in rural left-behind children. Youth & Juvenile Research, (02), 1-6.
[30] Zhao Yan. (2015). The relationship between social support and mental health of left-behind children: the mediating effect of mental toughness. Educational measurement and evaluation, (12), 53-57.
[31] Zhang Mei, Sun Dongqing, Xin Ziqiang, & Huang Silin. (2018). Changes in impoverished college students' mental health in China: a cross-temporal meta-analysis 1998-2015. Psychological Development and Education, 34 (5), 115-122.
[32] Minister of Education Guiren Yuan answers reporters' questions on "education reform and development”. 2020-12-21 from http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016lh/zhibo/20160310d/xctj.htm
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Liang Zhoujian, Guo Wenjie, Yuan Yuan. (2022). Depression Among Chinese Left-Behind Children: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis, 2006-2018. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 11(6), 193-200. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20221106.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Liang Zhoujian; Guo Wenjie; Yuan Yuan. Depression Among Chinese Left-Behind Children: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis, 2006-2018. Psychol. Behav. Sci. 2022, 11(6), 193-200. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20221106.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Liang Zhoujian, Guo Wenjie, Yuan Yuan. Depression Among Chinese Left-Behind Children: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis, 2006-2018. Psychol Behav Sci. 2022;11(6):193-200. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20221106.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.pbs.20221106.13,
      author = {Liang Zhoujian and Guo Wenjie and Yuan Yuan},
      title = {Depression Among Chinese Left-Behind Children: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis, 2006-2018},
      journal = {Psychology and Behavioral Sciences},
      volume = {11},
      number = {6},
      pages = {193-200},
      doi = {10.11648/j.pbs.20221106.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20221106.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.pbs.20221106.13},
      abstract = {With the steady increase of rural-to-urban migrant laborer over the past decades in China, a growing number of rural children and adolescents has been left at home, called children left-behind, by one or both parents who cannot afford to bring their families to the cities where they work. And the mental health of them has gradually received widespread attention especially in depression. The study uses the method of cross-temporal meta-analysis to analyze 26 studies that used the Child Depression Inventory (CDI), ranging from 2006 to 2018 and covering 17498 left-behind children, to explore the changes in depression levels of left-behind children in Chinese rural areas over the years. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the total average scores of the CDI and the years (r. = 0.42). The total average scores of the CDI have increased by 0.68 standard deviations for the past 12 years (d. = 0.68). Besides, the socioeconomic indicators from 5 years ago and the present year, including the urbanization level, resident consumption level, and consumer price index of China, significantly positively correlated with the total average scores of the CDI (r. = 0.33 ~ 0.35). The results suggested that the depression level of the left-behind children has been increasing year by year in recent 12 years, and the standard deviation of the left-behind children's depression level has also been increasing year by year. Furthermore, these socioeconomic factors were likely to be important factors in predicting the depression level of left-behind children. The risk of mental health problems among this large number of left-behind children indicates the urgent need for families, schools and society to work together and provide sufficient care to improve their mental status and cultivate good qualities.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Depression Among Chinese Left-Behind Children: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis, 2006-2018
    AU  - Liang Zhoujian
    AU  - Guo Wenjie
    AU  - Yuan Yuan
    Y1  - 2022/11/29
    PY  - 2022
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20221106.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.pbs.20221106.13
    T2  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
    JF  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
    JO  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
    SP  - 193
    EP  - 200
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-7845
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20221106.13
    AB  - With the steady increase of rural-to-urban migrant laborer over the past decades in China, a growing number of rural children and adolescents has been left at home, called children left-behind, by one or both parents who cannot afford to bring their families to the cities where they work. And the mental health of them has gradually received widespread attention especially in depression. The study uses the method of cross-temporal meta-analysis to analyze 26 studies that used the Child Depression Inventory (CDI), ranging from 2006 to 2018 and covering 17498 left-behind children, to explore the changes in depression levels of left-behind children in Chinese rural areas over the years. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the total average scores of the CDI and the years (r. = 0.42). The total average scores of the CDI have increased by 0.68 standard deviations for the past 12 years (d. = 0.68). Besides, the socioeconomic indicators from 5 years ago and the present year, including the urbanization level, resident consumption level, and consumer price index of China, significantly positively correlated with the total average scores of the CDI (r. = 0.33 ~ 0.35). The results suggested that the depression level of the left-behind children has been increasing year by year in recent 12 years, and the standard deviation of the left-behind children's depression level has also been increasing year by year. Furthermore, these socioeconomic factors were likely to be important factors in predicting the depression level of left-behind children. The risk of mental health problems among this large number of left-behind children indicates the urgent need for families, schools and society to work together and provide sufficient care to improve their mental status and cultivate good qualities.
    VL  - 11
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China

  • School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China

  • School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China

  • Sections