To establish the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in healthy South Korean children aged between 1 month and 16 years and to identify factors affecting the serum vitamin D levels in South Korea. A total 969 healthy children were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), calcium, phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured during a 1 year period. All the children were divided into four groups depending on the age. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<15 ng/mL) was 20.5% and that of vitamin D insufficiency (15-20 ng/mL) was 19.5%. Overall, the mean serum 25(OH)D levels was 22.9±9.9 ng/mL. They were the highest in the preschoolers (2-5 years, 24.4 ng/mL) and the lowest in the adolescents (11-16 years,15.9 ng/mL). In addition, they were significantly higher in summer as compared with winter. There were eight cases of subclinical rickets with elevated serum ALP levels. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was relatively higher in our series of children. It is imperative that the public policies be established to provide vitamin D supplementation for South Korean children. In addition, pediatricians should consider such factors as the body mass index, sex, season and other risk factors when determining the optimal level of vitamin D.
| Published in | Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences (Volume 1, Issue 1) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.jfns.20130101.12 |
| Page(s) | 7-12 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Vitamin D, Healthy Children, Risk Factor
| [1] | Holick MF, "Vitamin D deficiency, "The New England journal of medicine, Vol.357, No.3, 2007, pp.266-281. |
| [2] | Calvo MS, Whiting SJ, Barton CN, "Vitamin D intake: a global perspective of current status," The Journal of nutrition, Vol.135, No.2, 2005, pp.310-316. |
| [3] | Grant WB, "An ecologic study of dietary and solar ultraviolet-B links to breast carcinoma mortality rates," Cancer, Vol.94, No.1, 2002, pp.272-281. |
| [4] | Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, Jarvelin MR, Virtanen SM, " Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study," Lancet, Vol.358, No.9292, 2001, pp.1500-1503. |
| [5] | Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A, "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis," JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association, Vol.296, No.23, 2006, pp.2832-2838. |
| [6] | Hatun S, Ozkan B, Bereket A, "Vitamin D deficiency and prevention: Turkish experience. Acta Paediatr, Vol.100, No.9, 2011, pp.1195-1199. |
| [7] | Ross AC, "The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know," The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, Vol.96, No.1, 2011, pp.53-58. |
| [8] | Misra M, Pacaud D, Petryk A, Collett-Solberg PF, Kappy M, "Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management: review of current knowledge and recommendations," Pediatrics, Vol.122, No.2, 2008, pp.398-417. |
| [9] | Wagner CL, Greer FR, "Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents," Pediatrics, Vol.122, No.5, 2008, pp.1142-1152. |
| [10] | Hollis BW, "Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D," The Journal of nutrition, Vol.135, No.2, 2005, pp.317-322. |
| [11] | Weisberg P, Scanlon KS, Li R, Cogswell ME, "Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003," The American journal of clinical nutrition, Vol. 80(6 Suppl), 2004, pp.1697S-1705S. |
| [12] | Pramyothin P, Holick MF, "Vitamin D supplementation: guidelines and evidence for subclinical deficiency," Current opinion in gastroenterology, Vol.28, No.2, 2012, pp.139-150. |
| [13] | Stoian CA, Lyon M, Cox RG, Stephure DK, Mah JK, "Vitamin D concentrations among healthy children in Calgary, Alberta," Paediatrics & child health, Vol.16, No.2, 2011, pp.82-86. |
| [14] | Zhu Z, Zhan J, Shao J, Chen W, Chen L, Li W, Ji C, Zhao Z, "High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among children aged 1 month to 16 years in Hangzhou, China," BMC public health, Vol.12, 2012, pp.126. |
| [15] | Andiran N, Celik N, Akca H, Dogan G, "Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents," Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology, Vol.4, No.1, 2012, pp.25-29. |
| [16] | Pettifor JM, "Rickets and vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents," Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America, Vol.34, No.3, 2005, pp.537-553. |
| [17] | Hatun S, Islam O, Cizmecioglu F, Kara B, Babaoglu K, Berk F, Gakalp AS, "Subclinical vitamin D deficiency is increased in adolescent girls who wear concealing clothing," The Journal of nutrition, Vol.135, No.2, 2005, pp.218-222. |
| [18] | El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Nabulsi M, Choucair M, Salamoun M, Hajj Shahine C, Kizirian A, Tannous R, "Hypovitaminosis D in healthy school children," Pediatrics, Vol.107, No.4, 2001, pp.E53. |
| [19] | Kumar J, Kumar J, Muntner P, Kaskel FJ, Hailpern SM, Melamed ML, "Prevalence and associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in US children: NHANES 2001-2004," Pediatrics, Vol.124, No.3, 2009, pp.362-370. |
| [20] | Alemzadeh R, Kichler J, Babar G, Calhoun M, "Hypovitaminosis D in obese children and adolescents: relationship with adiposity, insulin sensitivity, ethnicity, and season," Metabolism: clinical and experimental, Vol.57, No.2, 2008, pp.183-191. |
| [21] | Ramel A, Jonsson PV, Bjornsson S, Thorsdottir I, "Vitamin D deficiency and nutritional status in elderly hospitalized subjects in Iceland," Public health nutrition, Vol.12, No.7, 2009, pp.1001-1005. |
| [22] | Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF, "Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity," The American journal of clinical nutrition, Vol.72, No.3, 2000, pp.690-693. |
| [23] | Rajakumar K, Fernstrom JD, Holick MF, Janosky JE, Greenspan SL, "Vitamin D status and response to Vitamin D(3) in obese vs. non-obese African American children," Obesity, Vol.16, No.1, 2008, pp.90-95. |
| [24] | Arabi A, El Rassi R, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, "Hypovitaminosis D in developing countries prevalence, risk factors and outcomes," Nature reviews Endocrinology, Vol.6, No.10, 2010, pp.550-561. |
| [25] | Absoud M, Cummins C, Lim MJ, Wassmer E, Shaw N, "Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D insufficiency in children: a Great Britain population based study," PloS one. Vol.6, No.7, 2011, pp.e22179. |
| [26] | Thandrayen K, Pettifor JM, "Maternal vitamin D status: implications for the development of infantile nutritional rickets," Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America, Vol.39, No.2, 2010, pp.303-320. |
| [27] | Holmes VA, Barnes MS, Alexander HD, McFaul P, Wallace JM, " Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in pregnant women: a longitudinal study," The British journal of nutrition, Vol.102, No.6, 2009, pp.876-881. |
| [28] | Turan S, Topcu B, Gokce I, Guran T, Atay Z, Omar A, Akay T, Bereket A, "Serum alkaline phosphatase levels in healthy children and evaluation of alkaline phosphatase z-scores in different types of rickets," Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology, Vol.3, No.1, 2011, pp.7-11. |
| [29] | Schiele F, Henny J, Hitz J, Petitclerc C, Gueguen R, Siest G, " Total bone and liver alkaline phosphatases in plasma: biological variations and reference limits," Clinical chemistry, Vol.29, No.4, 1983, pp.634-641. |
| [30] | Taylor JA, Richter M, Done S, Feldman KW, "The utility of alkaline phosphatase measurement as a screening test for rickets in breast-fed infants and toddlers: a study from the puget sound pediatric research network," Clinical pediatrics, Vol.49, No.12, 2010, pp.1103-1110. |
APA Style
Su Jin Jeong. (2013). Factor Affecting the Vitamin D Status in South Korean Children. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 1(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20130101.12
ACS Style
Su Jin Jeong. Factor Affecting the Vitamin D Status in South Korean Children. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2013, 1(1), 7-12. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20130101.12
AMA Style
Su Jin Jeong. Factor Affecting the Vitamin D Status in South Korean Children. J Food Nutr Sci. 2013;1(1):7-12. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20130101.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.jfns.20130101.12,
author = {Su Jin Jeong},
title = {Factor Affecting the Vitamin D Status in South Korean Children},
journal = {Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
pages = {7-12},
doi = {10.11648/j.jfns.20130101.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20130101.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jfns.20130101.12},
abstract = {To establish the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in healthy South Korean children aged between 1 month and 16 years and to identify factors affecting the serum vitamin D levels in South Korea. A total 969 healthy children were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), calcium, phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured during a 1 year period. All the children were divided into four groups depending on the age. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<15 ng/mL) was 20.5% and that of vitamin D insufficiency (15-20 ng/mL) was 19.5%. Overall, the mean serum 25(OH)D levels was 22.9±9.9 ng/mL. They were the highest in the preschoolers (2-5 years, 24.4 ng/mL) and the lowest in the adolescents (11-16 years,15.9 ng/mL). In addition, they were significantly higher in summer as compared with winter. There were eight cases of subclinical rickets with elevated serum ALP levels. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was relatively higher in our series of children. It is imperative that the public policies be established to provide vitamin D supplementation for South Korean children. In addition, pediatricians should consider such factors as the body mass index, sex, season and other risk factors when determining the optimal level of vitamin D.},
year = {2013}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Factor Affecting the Vitamin D Status in South Korean Children AU - Su Jin Jeong Y1 - 2013/06/10 PY - 2013 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20130101.12 DO - 10.11648/j.jfns.20130101.12 T2 - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences JF - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences JO - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences SP - 7 EP - 12 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-7293 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20130101.12 AB - To establish the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in healthy South Korean children aged between 1 month and 16 years and to identify factors affecting the serum vitamin D levels in South Korea. A total 969 healthy children were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), calcium, phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured during a 1 year period. All the children were divided into four groups depending on the age. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<15 ng/mL) was 20.5% and that of vitamin D insufficiency (15-20 ng/mL) was 19.5%. Overall, the mean serum 25(OH)D levels was 22.9±9.9 ng/mL. They were the highest in the preschoolers (2-5 years, 24.4 ng/mL) and the lowest in the adolescents (11-16 years,15.9 ng/mL). In addition, they were significantly higher in summer as compared with winter. There were eight cases of subclinical rickets with elevated serum ALP levels. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was relatively higher in our series of children. It is imperative that the public policies be established to provide vitamin D supplementation for South Korean children. In addition, pediatricians should consider such factors as the body mass index, sex, season and other risk factors when determining the optimal level of vitamin D. VL - 1 IS - 1 ER -
Email: