Biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl ester) has received attention as greener, renewable, alternative source of energy; and its utilization as diesel fuel is becoming an auspicious source of energy that can substitute the non-renewable petroleum products. It can make significant contributions in diminishing the emission of harmful gaseous due to combustion of conventional fuel sources and hence, it is helpful to overcome challenges associated with energy crisis coupled with environmental pollution, climate change and global warming. Biodiesel is a carbon-neutral fuel source, biodegradable, non-toxic and can be synthesized from locally available non-edible vegetable oils via base-catalyzed transesterification process. This study presents the insight of operational variables or factors that influence the processing and yield of biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl ester) through transesterification of non-edible vegetable oils. These operational variables include, the amount of free fatty acid (FFA) in the non-edible vegetable oils, moisture in the oils, the amount and types of alcohol used, the non-edible vegetable oil to alcohol molar ratio, time allowed for the reaction, intensity of mixing, temperature, types of catalyzed used, concentration of catalyst and purity of reactants. The considered variables for preparation of biodiesel should be optimized to achieve the maximum possible conversion of reactants and thereby provide the highest possible yield of biodiesel product at the minimum possible operational cost.
| Published in | International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy (Volume 10, Issue 3) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijrse.20211003.11 |
| Page(s) | 85-91 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Biodiesel, Biofuel, Free Fatty Acid, Non-edible Vegetable Oil, Transesterification, Triglyceride
| [1] | Chouhan, A. S., Sarma, A. K., (2011). Modern heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 4378-4399. |
| [2] | Chand, N., (2002). Plant oils- Fuel of the future. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 61: 7-16. |
| [3] | Asif, S., Ahmad, M., Bokhari, A., Chuah, L. F., Klemeš, J. J., Akbar, M. M., Sultana, S., Yusup, S., (2017). Methyl ester synthesis of Pistacia khinjuk seed oil by ultrasonic-assisted cavitation system. Ind. Crops Prod. 108: 336-347. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.06.046. |
| [4] | Chuah, L., Awais, B., (2017). A review of cleaner intensification technologies in biodiesel production. Clean. Prod. 146: 181-193. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.017. |
| [5] | Ranganathan, S. V., Narasimhan, S. L., and Muthukumar, K., (2008). Bioresources Technology, 99, 3975-3881. |
| [6] | Sarin, (2012). Biodiesel Production (RSC Publishing, Cambridge, 2012), pp. 2. |
| [7] | Zininga, J. T., Puri, A. K., Govender, A., Singh, S., Permaul, K., (2019). Concomitant production of chitosan and lipids from a newly isolated Mucor circinelloides ZSKP for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol. 272: 545-551. |
| [8] | Guan, G., Kusakabe, K., Sakurai, N., Momiyama, K, (2009). Transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel fuel using acid catalysts in the presence of dimethyl ether. Fuel. 88: 81-86. |
| [9] | Wang, Y., Ou, S., Liu, P., Xue, F., and Tang, S., (2006). Comparison of two different processes to synthesize biodiesel by waste cooking oil. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A. Chemical, 252, 107-112. |
| [10] | EN-14214, (2003). Automotive fuels-fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines: requirements and test methods. https://www.aascarburants.com/assets/fles/pdf/Biodiesel-EN14214.pdf. |
| [11] | Lepper, H., and Friesenhagen, L., (1984). Process for the production of fatty acid alkyl esters, CA1261870A. |
| [12] | Sergejus, L., and Andrius, V., (2006). Research into the application of biodiesel in the transport sector of lithuania. Transport. 21 (2): 80-87. |
| [13] | Akhabue, C. E., and Okwundu, O. S., (2017). Monitoring the transesterification reaction of castor oil and methanol by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy. Biofuels, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2017.1338128. |
| [14] | Kuan, I. C., Kao, W. C., Chen, C. L., Yu, C. Y., (2018). Microbial biodiesel production by direct transesterification of rhodotorula glutinis biomass. Energies. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051036. |
| [15] | Math, M. C., Kumar, S. P., and Chetty, S. V., (2010). Technologies for biodiesel production from used cooking oil-A review. Energy for Sustainable Development, 14, 339-345. |
| [16] | Lin, Y. H., Luo, J. J., Hwangb, S. J., Liau, P. R., Lu, W. J., Lee, H. T., (2011). The influence of free fatty acid intermediate on biodiesel production from soybean oil by whole cell biocatalyst. Biomass and bionergy, 35, 2217-2223. |
| [17] | Chang, D. Y. Z., and Gerpen, V. J. H., (1997). Fuel properties and engine performance for biodiesel prepared from modified feedstocks. Warrendale, PA: Society for Automotive Engineering, Paper No. 971684. |
| [18] | Chang, D. Y. Z., Gerpen V. J. H., Lee, I., Johnson, L. A., Hammond, E. G., and Marley, S. J., (1996). Fuel properties and emissions of soybean oil esters as diesel fuel. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 73 (11): 1549-1555. |
| [19] | Graboski, M. S., McCormick, R. L., (1998). Combustion of fat and vegetable oil derived fuels in diesel engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 24: 125-164. |
| [20] | Adewale, P., Dumont, M. J., Ngadi, M., (2015). Recent trends of biodiesel production from animal fat wastes and associated production techniques. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 45: 574-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.039. |
| [21] | Pimentel, D., Marklein, A., Toth, M. A., Karpoff, M. N., Paul, G. S., McCormack, R., Kyriazis, J., and Krueger, T., (2009). Food versus biofuels: Environmental and economic costs. Hum. Eco. 37 (1): 1-12. |
| [22] | Srinivasan, S., (2009). The food versus fuel debate: A nuanced view of incentive structures. Renewable Energy, 34 (4), 950-954. |
| [23] | Lam, M. K., Tan, K. T., Lee, K. T., Mohamed, A. R., (2009). Malaysian palm oil: Surviving the food versus fuel debate for a sustainable future. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 13 (6-7): 1456-1464. |
| [24] | Metzger, J. O., (2009). Fats and oils as renewable feedstock for chemistry. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Tech. 111 (9): 865-876. |
| [25] | Sani, Y. M., Daud, W. M., and Abdul, R. A., (2013). Biodiesel feedstock and production technologies: successes, challenges and prospects. |
| [26] | Shikha, K., and Chauhan, Y. R., (2012). Biodiesel production from non-edible-oils: a review. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4 (9), 4219-4230. |
| [27] | Rajalingam, A., Jani1, S. P., Senthil K. A., and Adam K. M., (2016). Production methods of biodiesel. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 8 (3), 170-173. |
| [28] | Leung, D. Y. C., and Guo, Y., (2006). Transesterification of neat and used frying oil: Optimization for biodiesel production. Fuel Process Tech. 87 (10): 883-890. |
| [29] | Kirubakaran, M., and Selvan, V., (2018). A comprehensive review of low cost biodiesel production from waste chicken fat. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 82: 390-401. |
| [30] | Xie, W., Hu, L., and Yang, X., (2015a). Basic ionic liquid supported on mesoporous SBA-15 silica as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54: 1505-1512. |
| [31] | Xie, W., Yang, X., and Fan, M., (2015b). Novel solid base catalyst for biodiesel production: mesoporous SBA-15 silica immobilized with 1, 3-dicyclohexyl-2- octylguanidine. Renew. Energy. 80: 230-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene. 2015.02.014. |
| [32] | Xie, W., and Fan, M., 2014. Biodiesel production by transesterification using tetraalkylammonium hydroxides immobilized onto SBA-15 as a solid catalyst. Chem. Eng. J. 239: 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.11.009. |
| [33] | Xie, W., and Wang, J., (2014). Enzymatic production of biodiesel from soybean oil by using immobilized lipase on Fe3O4/Poly (styrene-methacrylic acid) magnetic microsphere as a biocatalyst. Energy Fuels, 28, 2624-2631. |
| [34] | Xie, W., and Zhao, L., (2013). Production of biodiesel by transesterification of soybean oil using calcium supported tin oxides as heterogeneous catalysts. Energy Convers. Manag. 76: 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.07.027. |
| [35] | Atadashi, I. M., Aroua, M. K., Abdul, A. A., Sulaiman, N. M., (2013). The effects of catalysts in biodiesel production: a review. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 19: 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.07.009. |
| [36] | Hossain, A. B., Boyce, A. N., Salleh, A., Chandran, S., (20100. Impacts of alcohol type, ratio and stirring time on the biodiesel production from waste canola oil. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 5: 1851–1859. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR09.135. |
| [37] | Demirbas, A., (2008) Comparison of transesterification methods for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and fats. Energy Convers Manag. 49: 125-130. |
| [38] | Lotero, E., Liu, Y., Lopez, D. E., Suwannakarn, K., Bruce, D. A., and Goodwin, J. G., (2005). “Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 44 (14), 5353-5363. |
| [39] | Gog, A., Roman, M., Toşa, M., Paizs, C., and Irimie, F. D., (2012). Biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification-current state and perspectives. Renew Energy. 39: 10-16. |
| [40] | Sarno, M., and Iuliano, M., (2018). Active biocatalyst for biodiesel production from spent coffee ground. Bioresour Technol. 266: 431-438. |
| [41] | Iijima, W., Kobayashi, Y., and Taniwaki, K., (2006). Process for non-catalytically producing biodiesel fuel without yielding by-product, US20060288636A1. |
| [42] | Freedman, B., Pryde, E. H., and Mounts, T. L., (1984). “Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterifed vegetable oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 61 (10), 1638-1643. |
| [43] | Stamenkovic, O. S., Lazic, M. L., Todorovic, Z. B., Veljkovic, V. B., Skala, D. U., (2007). The effect of agitation intensity on alkali-catalyzed methanolysis of sunflower oil. Bioresour. Tech. 98 (14): 2688-2699. |
| [44] | Sanli, H., and Canakci, M., (2008). “Effects of different alcohol and catalyst usage on biodiesel production from different vegetable oils.” Energy and Fuels, 22 (4), 2713-2719. |
| [45] | Kulkarni, M. G., and Dalai, A. K., (2006). Waste cooking oil-an economical source for biodiesel: A review. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45 (9): 2901-2913. |
| [46] | Encinar, J. M., Juan, F., Gonzalez, J. F., and Rodriguez-Reinares, A., (2007). Ethanolysis of used frying oils: Biodiesel preparation and Characterization. Fuel Process. Tech. 88 (5): 513-522. |
| [47] | Tomasevic, A. V., Siler-Marinkovic, S. S., (2003). Methanolysis of used frying oil. Fuel Process Tech. 81 (1): 1-6. |
| [48] | Refaat, A. A., Attia, N. K., Sibak, H. A., El Sheltawy, S. T., and El Diwani, G. I., (2008a). Production optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 5 (1): 75-82. |
| [49] | Canakci M., and Van Gerpen, J., (2003). “A pilot plant to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acid feedstocks,” Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 46 (4), 945-954. |
| [50] | Colucci, J., Borrero, E. E., and Alape, F., (2005). Biodiesel from an alkaline transesterification reaction of soybean oil using ultrasonic mixing, Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 82, 525-530. |
| [51] | Ahmad, M., Ahmed, S., Hassan, F. U., Arshad, M., Khan, M. A., Zafar, M., and Sultana, S., (2010). “Base catalyzed transesterification of sunflower oil biodiesel,” African Journal of Biotechnology, 9 (50), 8630-8635. |
| [52] | Li, S., Wang, Y., Dong, S., Chen, Y., Cao, F., Chai, F., and Wang X., (2009). “Biodiesel production from Eruca Sativa Gars vegetable oil and motor, emissions properties,” Renewable Energy, 34 (7), 1871-1876. |
| [53] | El Sherbiny, S. A., Refaat, A. A., and El Sheltawy, S. T., (2010). “Production of biodiesel using the microwave technique,” Journal of Advanced Research, 1 (4), 309-314. |
| [54] | Van Gerpen, J., (2005). “Biodiesel processing and production,” Fuel Processing Technology, 86 (10), 1097-1107. |
| [55] | Knothe, G., and Steidley, K. R., (2009). “A comparison of used cooking oils: a very heterogeneous feedstock for biodiesel,” Bio-resource Technology, 100 (23) vol. 100, 5796-5801. |
| [56] | Corro, G., Tellez, N., Ayala, E., and Marinez-Ayala, A., (2010). “Two-step biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas crude oil using SiO2 HF solid catalyst for FFA esterification step,” Fuel, 89 (10), 2815-2821. |
| [57] | Muthu, H., Selvabala, V. S., Varathachary, T. K., Selvaraj, D. K., Nandagopal, J., and Subramanian, S., (2010). “Synthesis of biodiesel from neem oil using sulfated zirconia via transesterification,” Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 27 (4), 601-608. |
| [58] | Mathiyazhagan, M., Ganapathi, A., Jaganath, B., Renganayaki, N., and Sasireka, N., (2011). “Production of biodiesel from non-edible plant oils having high FFA content,” International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 2 (2), 119-122. |
| [59] | Chen, L., Yin, P., Liu, X., Yang, L., Yu, Z., Guo, X., and Xin, X., (2011). “Biodiesel production over copper vanadium phosphate,” Energy, 36 (1), 175-180. |
| [60] | Sudhir, C. V., Sharma, N. Y., Mohanan, P., (2007). Potential of waste cooking oil as biodiesel feedstock. Emirates J. Eng. Res. 12 (3): 69-75. |
| [61] | Arun, N., Sampath, M., Siddharth, S., and Prasaanth, R. A., (2011). “Experimental Studies of base catalyzed transesterifcation of karanja oil,” Journal of Energy and Environment, 2 (2), 351-356. |
| [62] | Canakci, M., (2007). “The potential of restaurant waste lipids as biodiesel feedstocks,” Bio-resource Technology, 98 (1), 183-190. |
| [63] | Ahmad, M., Rashid, S., Khan, M. A., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., and Gulzar, S., (2009). “Optimization of base catalyzed transesterification of peanut oil biodiesel,” African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (3), 441-446. |
| [64] | Chen, K. S., Lin, Y. C., Hsu, K. H., and Wang, H. K., (2012). “Improving biodiesel yields from waste cooking oil by using sodium methoxide and a microwave heating system,” Energy, 38, 151-156. |
| [65] | Hossain, A. B., and Boyce, A. N., (2009). “Biodiesel production from waste sunflower cooking oil as an environmental recycling process and renewable energy,” Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 15 (4), 312-317. |
| [66] | Alcantara, R., Amores, J., Canoira, L., Fidalgo, E., Franco, M. J., and Navarro, A., (2000). Catalytic production of biodiesel from soy-bean oil, used frying oil and tallow. Biomass Bioenerg. 18 (6): 515-527. |
| [67] | Encinar, J. M., Gonzalez, J. F., and Rodriguez-Reinares, A., (2005). Biodiesel from used frying oil. Variables affecting the yields and characteristics of the biodiesel. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44 (15): 5491-5499. |
| [68] | Felizardo, P., Correia, M. J., Raposo, I., Mendes, J. F., Berkemeier, R., and Bordado J. M., (2006). Production of biodiesel from waste frying oils. Waste Manage. 26 (5): 487-494. |
| [69] | Yuan, X., Liu, J., Zeng, G., Shi, J., Tong, J., and Huang, G., (2008). Optimization of conversion of waste rapeseed oil with high FFA to biodiesel using response surface methodology. Renew. Energ. 33 (7): 1678-1684. |
| [70] | Pinto, A. C., Guarieiro, L. N., Rezende, M. J., Ribeiro, N. M., Torres, E. A., Lopes, W. A., Pereira, P. A., and Andrade, J. B., (2005). Biodiesel: An overview. J. Brazil. Chem. Soc. 16 (6B): 1313-1330. |
| [71] | Zhou, W., and Boocock, D. G. B., (2006). Phase behavior of the base-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 83 (12): 1041-1045. |
| [72] | Highina, B. K., Bugaje, I. M., and Umar, B., (2011). “Biodiesel production from Jatropha caucus oil in a batch reactor using zinc oxide as catalyst,” Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, 2 (9), 146-149. |
| [73] | Noshadi, I., Amin, N. A. S., and Parnas, R. S., (2012). “Continuous production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil in a reactive distillation column catalyzed by solid heteropolyacid: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM),” Fuel, 94, 156-164. |
| [74] | Saifuddin, N., and Chua, K. H., (2004). Production of ethyl ester (Biodiesel) from used frying oil: Optimization of transesterification process using microwave irradiation. Malays. J. Chem. 6 (1), 77- 82. |
| [75] | Gupta, A., Sharma, S. K., and Pal Toor, A., (2007). Production of biodiesel from waste soybean oil. J. Petrotech Soc. 4 (1): 40-45. |
| [76] | Meng, X., Chen, G., and Wang, Y., (2008). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil via alkali catalyst and its engine test. Fuel Process Tech. 89 (9): 851-857. |
| [77] | Refaat, A. A., El Sheltawy, S. T., and Sadek, K. U., (2008b). Optimum reaction time, performance and exhaust emissions of biodiesel produced by microwave irradiation. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 5 (3): 315-322. |
| [78] | Demirbas, A., (2009). Biodiesel from waste cooking oil via base-catalytic and supercritical methanol transesterification. Energ. Convers. Manage. 50 (4): 923-927. |
| [79] | Refaat, A., (2010). “Different techniques for the production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7 (1) vol. 7, 183-213. |
| [80] | Noureddini, H., and Zhu, D., (1997). Kinetics of transesterification of soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 74 (11): 1457-1463. |
| [81] | Singh, A. K., and Fernando, S. D., (2006). Catalyzed fast-transesterification of soybean oil using ultra-sonication. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, ASAE Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon, USA. |
| [82] | Adeyemi, N. A., Mohiuddin, A., and Jameel, T., (2011). “Waste cooking oil transesterification: influence of impeller type, temperature, speed and bottom clearance on FAME yield,” African Journal of Biotechnology, 10 (44), 8914-8929. |
| [83] | Kumari, A., Mahapatra, P., Garlapati V. K., and Banerjee R., (2009). “Enzymatic transesterification of Jatropha oil,” Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol. 2. |
| [84] | Darnoko, D., and Cheryan M., “Kinetics of palm oil transesterification in a batch reactor,” Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 77 (12), 1263-1267. |
| [85] | Kapilakarn, K., and Peugtong, A., (2007). “A comparison of costs of biodiesel production from transesterification,” International Energy Journal, 8 (1), 1-6. |
| [86] | Issariyakul, T., and Dalai, A. K., (2014). Biodiesel from vegetable oils. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 31: 446-471. |
| [87] | Vicente, G., Martınez, M., and Araci, J., (2004). “Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of different homogeneous catalysts systems,” Bioresource Technology, 92, 297-305. |
| [88] | Freedman, B., Butterfield, R. O., Pryde, E. H., (1986). Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 63 (10): 1375-1380. |
| [89] | Cao, F., Chen, Y., Zhai, F., Li, J., Wang, J., Wang, X., Wang, S., Zhu, W., (2008). Biodiesel production from high acid value waste frying oil catalyzed by superacid heteropolyacid. Biotech. Bioengin. 101 (1): 93-100. |
| [90] | Kiakalaieh, A. T., Amin, N. A. S., Zarei A., and Noshadi, I., (2013). “Transesterifcation of waste cooking oil by heteropoly acid (HPA) catalyst: optimization and kinetic model,” Applied Energy, 102, 283-292. |
APA Style
Degnechew Genene Demisu. (2021). Factors Affecting Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Vegetable Oil Via Base-catalyzed Transesterification Process: Synthesis. International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy, 10(3), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20211003.11
ACS Style
Degnechew Genene Demisu. Factors Affecting Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Vegetable Oil Via Base-catalyzed Transesterification Process: Synthesis. Int. J. Sustain. Green Energy 2021, 10(3), 85-91. doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20211003.11
AMA Style
Degnechew Genene Demisu. Factors Affecting Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Vegetable Oil Via Base-catalyzed Transesterification Process: Synthesis. Int J Sustain Green Energy. 2021;10(3):85-91. doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20211003.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijrse.20211003.11,
author = {Degnechew Genene Demisu},
title = {Factors Affecting Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Vegetable Oil Via Base-catalyzed Transesterification Process: Synthesis},
journal = {International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {85-91},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijrse.20211003.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20211003.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijrse.20211003.11},
abstract = {Biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl ester) has received attention as greener, renewable, alternative source of energy; and its utilization as diesel fuel is becoming an auspicious source of energy that can substitute the non-renewable petroleum products. It can make significant contributions in diminishing the emission of harmful gaseous due to combustion of conventional fuel sources and hence, it is helpful to overcome challenges associated with energy crisis coupled with environmental pollution, climate change and global warming. Biodiesel is a carbon-neutral fuel source, biodegradable, non-toxic and can be synthesized from locally available non-edible vegetable oils via base-catalyzed transesterification process. This study presents the insight of operational variables or factors that influence the processing and yield of biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl ester) through transesterification of non-edible vegetable oils. These operational variables include, the amount of free fatty acid (FFA) in the non-edible vegetable oils, moisture in the oils, the amount and types of alcohol used, the non-edible vegetable oil to alcohol molar ratio, time allowed for the reaction, intensity of mixing, temperature, types of catalyzed used, concentration of catalyst and purity of reactants. The considered variables for preparation of biodiesel should be optimized to achieve the maximum possible conversion of reactants and thereby provide the highest possible yield of biodiesel product at the minimum possible operational cost.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Factors Affecting Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Vegetable Oil Via Base-catalyzed Transesterification Process: Synthesis AU - Degnechew Genene Demisu Y1 - 2021/08/24 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20211003.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ijrse.20211003.11 T2 - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy JF - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy JO - International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy SP - 85 EP - 91 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2575-1549 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20211003.11 AB - Biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl ester) has received attention as greener, renewable, alternative source of energy; and its utilization as diesel fuel is becoming an auspicious source of energy that can substitute the non-renewable petroleum products. It can make significant contributions in diminishing the emission of harmful gaseous due to combustion of conventional fuel sources and hence, it is helpful to overcome challenges associated with energy crisis coupled with environmental pollution, climate change and global warming. Biodiesel is a carbon-neutral fuel source, biodegradable, non-toxic and can be synthesized from locally available non-edible vegetable oils via base-catalyzed transesterification process. This study presents the insight of operational variables or factors that influence the processing and yield of biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl ester) through transesterification of non-edible vegetable oils. These operational variables include, the amount of free fatty acid (FFA) in the non-edible vegetable oils, moisture in the oils, the amount and types of alcohol used, the non-edible vegetable oil to alcohol molar ratio, time allowed for the reaction, intensity of mixing, temperature, types of catalyzed used, concentration of catalyst and purity of reactants. The considered variables for preparation of biodiesel should be optimized to achieve the maximum possible conversion of reactants and thereby provide the highest possible yield of biodiesel product at the minimum possible operational cost. VL - 10 IS - 3 ER -
Email: