Analysis of Cough Time Stamps from COPD Patients Using Markov Chain Analysis

Tsega Kahsay Gebretekle; Stef van Eijndhoven; Bert den Brinker

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13

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Analysis of Cough Time Stamps from COPD Patients Using Markov Chain Analysis

Tsega Kahsay Gebretekle, Stef van Eijndhoven, Bert den Brinker

Published in American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics (Volume 8, Issue 3)

Received: 22 May 2019 Accepted: 9 July 2019 Published: 5 August 2019

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to identify patterns of cough events for COPD patients. Simultaneously, the study was used to develop a Matlab based graphical user interface (GUI) that enables the user to analyze time-stamps of cough data. The time stamp data was received from Philips Research. They cover 17 data sets of 16 COPD patients and were determined using a semi-automated cough detection algorithm. Cough detection ran for multiple days in the living and bed rooms of the patients. The time stamp marks the event that a cough is assumed to occur. A descriptive statistics and a Markov Chain Model was used for analysis. A pattern of cough events was described by the probability that a COPD patient is in one of three possible states at a specific hour and in another state at the next hour. To define the states, the following three characteristics were used: 1) relative frequency, 2) average value-three times standard deviation band, 3) average value-three times inter-quartile range band. Relaxation time was determined to describe the dynamics of the cough event patterns. To be precise, pattern changes were characterized by considering the time it takes for the probabilities to reach stationarity. To reduce noise, the daily dynamics of the cough events over five day periods with a four day overlap were considered. From the results, we concluded that the distribution of cough events for all data sets was skewed to the right. The developed Matlab based graphical user interface allows the user to analyze the cough events of COPD patients together with their medical history. We conclude that the relaxation time and the stationary distribution of the Markov chain representation were typical characteristics of the patterns of cough events and the cough behavior of COPD patients was patient specific and varies over time.

Published in	American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics (Volume 8, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13
Page(s)	108-124
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

COPD, Cough, Markov Chain Analysis, Relaxation Time

References

[1]	World Health Organization (WHO) (2019). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): What is COPD? Accessed from http://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/en/ on May 22, 2019.
[2]	World Health Organization (WHO) (2008). A report on “World Health Statistics 2008”: ‘The top 20 causes of death in 2030’.
[3]	Dr Colin Tidy, (2014). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Accessed from: patient.info/health/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-leaflet.
[4]	Chung, K. F. (2006). Measurement of Cough. Journal of Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 152, pp. 329-339.
[5]	Smith, J., Owen, E., Earis, J., Woodcock, A. (2006). Cough in COPD: Correlation of Objective Monitoring With Cough Challenge and Subjective Assessments; Journal of Chest, 130, pp. 379-385.
[6]	Kenny T. (2011). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Available online.
[7]	Vestbo, J. and Rasmussen, F. (1989). Respiratory symptoms and FEV1 as predictors of hospitalization and medication in the following 12 years due to respiratory disease; European Respiratory Journal, 2, pp. 710-715.
[8]	Rennard, S., Decramen, M., Carverley, P., Pride, N., Soriano, J., Vermeire, P., Vestbo, J. (2002). Impact of COPD in North America and Europe in 2000: subjects’ perspective of confronting COPD international survey. European Respiratory Journal, 20, pp. 799-805.
[9]	Pauwels, R., Buist, A., Calverley, P. (2001). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; 163, pp. 1256-1276.
[10]	Vestbo J, Prescott E, Lange P. (1996). Association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; 153, pp. 1530–1535.
[11]	Smith, J. and Woodcock, A. (2006). Cough and its importance in COPD. International Journal of COPD; 1 (3), pp. 305-314.
[12]	Burgel, P-R., Paillasseur, J-L., Caillaud, D., Escamillae, R., Court-Fortune, I., Perez, T. (2010). Clinical COPD phenotypes: a novel approach using principal component and cluster analyses. European Respiratory Journal; 36, pp. 531-539.
[13]	Hurst, J. R., Vestbo, J., Anzueto, A., Locantore, N., Müllerova, H., Tal-Singer, R., Miller, B., Lomas, D. A., Agusti, A., MacNee, W., Calverley, P., Rennard, S., Wouters, M., Wedzicha, J. A. (2010). Suspectibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary; New England Journal of Medicine, 363 (12), pp. 1128-1138.
[14]	Koninklijke Philips N. V. (2004-2017). About the company: Philips.
[15]	Penny, W. and Henson, R. (2006). Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance.

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APA Style

Tsega Kahsay Gebretekle, Stef van Eijndhoven, Bert den Brinker. (2019). Analysis of Cough Time Stamps from COPD Patients Using Markov Chain Analysis. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 8(3), 108-124. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13

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ACS Style

Tsega Kahsay Gebretekle; Stef van Eijndhoven; Bert den Brinker. Analysis of Cough Time Stamps from COPD Patients Using Markov Chain Analysis. Am. J. Theor. Appl. Stat. 2019, 8(3), 108-124. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13

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AMA Style

Tsega Kahsay Gebretekle, Stef van Eijndhoven, Bert den Brinker. Analysis of Cough Time Stamps from COPD Patients Using Markov Chain Analysis. Am J Theor Appl Stat. 2019;8(3):108-124. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13,
  author = {Tsega Kahsay Gebretekle and Stef van Eijndhoven and Bert den Brinker},
  title = {Analysis of Cough Time Stamps from COPD Patients Using Markov Chain Analysis},
  journal = {American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {108-124},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajtas.20190803.13},
  abstract = {The objective of this study was to identify patterns of cough events for COPD patients. Simultaneously, the study was used to develop a Matlab based graphical user interface (GUI) that enables the user to analyze time-stamps of cough data. The time stamp data was received from Philips Research. They cover 17 data sets of 16 COPD patients and were determined using a semi-automated cough detection algorithm. Cough detection ran for multiple days in the living and bed rooms of the patients. The time stamp marks the event that a cough is assumed to occur. A descriptive statistics and a Markov Chain Model was used for analysis. A pattern of cough events was described by the probability that a COPD patient is in one of three possible states at a specific hour and in another state at the next hour. To define the states, the following three characteristics were used: 1) relative frequency, 2) average value-three times standard deviation band, 3) average value-three times inter-quartile range band. Relaxation time was determined to describe the dynamics of the cough event patterns. To be precise, pattern changes were characterized by considering the time it takes for the probabilities to reach stationarity. To reduce noise, the daily dynamics of the cough events over five day periods with a four day overlap were considered. From the results, we concluded that the distribution of cough events for all data sets was skewed to the right. The developed Matlab based graphical user interface allows the user to analyze the cough events of COPD patients together with their medical history. We conclude that the relaxation time and the stationary distribution of the Markov chain representation were typical characteristics of the patterns of cough events and the cough behavior of COPD patients was patient specific and varies over time.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Analysis of Cough Time Stamps from COPD Patients Using Markov Chain Analysis
AU - Tsega Kahsay Gebretekle
AU - Stef van Eijndhoven
AU - Bert den Brinker
Y1 - 2019/08/05
PY - 2019
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13
DO - 10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13
T2 - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
JF - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
JO - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
SP - 108
EP - 124
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2326-9006
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13
AB - The objective of this study was to identify patterns of cough events for COPD patients. Simultaneously, the study was used to develop a Matlab based graphical user interface (GUI) that enables the user to analyze time-stamps of cough data. The time stamp data was received from Philips Research. They cover 17 data sets of 16 COPD patients and were determined using a semi-automated cough detection algorithm. Cough detection ran for multiple days in the living and bed rooms of the patients. The time stamp marks the event that a cough is assumed to occur. A descriptive statistics and a Markov Chain Model was used for analysis. A pattern of cough events was described by the probability that a COPD patient is in one of three possible states at a specific hour and in another state at the next hour. To define the states, the following three characteristics were used: 1) relative frequency, 2) average value-three times standard deviation band, 3) average value-three times inter-quartile range band. Relaxation time was determined to describe the dynamics of the cough event patterns. To be precise, pattern changes were characterized by considering the time it takes for the probabilities to reach stationarity. To reduce noise, the daily dynamics of the cough events over five day periods with a four day overlap were considered. From the results, we concluded that the distribution of cough events for all data sets was skewed to the right. The developed Matlab based graphical user interface allows the user to analyze the cough events of COPD patients together with their medical history. We conclude that the relaxation time and the stationary distribution of the Markov chain representation were typical characteristics of the patterns of cough events and the cough behavior of COPD patients was patient specific and varies over time.
VL - 8
IS - 3
ER -

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Author Information

Tsega Kahsay Gebretekle

Department of Mathematics, Kotebe Metropolitan University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Stef van Eijndhoven

Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Bert den Brinker

Philips Electronics Nederland BV, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

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APA Style

Tsega Kahsay Gebretekle, Stef van Eijndhoven, Bert den Brinker. (2019). Analysis of Cough Time Stamps from COPD Patients Using Markov Chain Analysis. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 8(3), 108-124. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13

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ACS Style

Tsega Kahsay Gebretekle; Stef van Eijndhoven; Bert den Brinker. Analysis of Cough Time Stamps from COPD Patients Using Markov Chain Analysis. Am. J. Theor. Appl. Stat. 2019, 8(3), 108-124. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13

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AMA Style

Tsega Kahsay Gebretekle, Stef van Eijndhoven, Bert den Brinker. Analysis of Cough Time Stamps from COPD Patients Using Markov Chain Analysis. Am J Theor Appl Stat. 2019;8(3):108-124. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13,
  author = {Tsega Kahsay Gebretekle and Stef van Eijndhoven and Bert den Brinker},
  title = {Analysis of Cough Time Stamps from COPD Patients Using Markov Chain Analysis},
  journal = {American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {108-124},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20190803.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajtas.20190803.13},
  abstract = {The objective of this study was to identify patterns of cough events for COPD patients. Simultaneously, the study was used to develop a Matlab based graphical user interface (GUI) that enables the user to analyze time-stamps of cough data. The time stamp data was received from Philips Research. They cover 17 data sets of 16 COPD patients and were determined using a semi-automated cough detection algorithm. Cough detection ran for multiple days in the living and bed rooms of the patients. The time stamp marks the event that a cough is assumed to occur. A descriptive statistics and a Markov Chain Model was used for analysis. A pattern of cough events was described by the probability that a COPD patient is in one of three possible states at a specific hour and in another state at the next hour. To define the states, the following three characteristics were used: 1) relative frequency, 2) average value-three times standard deviation band, 3) average value-three times inter-quartile range band. Relaxation time was determined to describe the dynamics of the cough event patterns. To be precise, pattern changes were characterized by considering the time it takes for the probabilities to reach stationarity. To reduce noise, the daily dynamics of the cough events over five day periods with a four day overlap were considered. From the results, we concluded that the distribution of cough events for all data sets was skewed to the right. The developed Matlab based graphical user interface allows the user to analyze the cough events of COPD patients together with their medical history. We conclude that the relaxation time and the stationary distribution of the Markov chain representation were typical characteristics of the patterns of cough events and the cough behavior of COPD patients was patient specific and varies over time.},
 year = {2019}
}

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