Determination of Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Fish and Hens Eggs in Sudan

Mawia Hassan Elsaim; Aisha Abd Elrhman; Alaa Ali; Rash Jame

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15

| Peer-Reviewed

Determination of Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Fish and Hens Eggs in Sudan

Mawia Hassan Elsaim, Aisha Abd Elrhman, Alaa Ali, Rash Jame

Published in American Journal of Physical Chemistry (Volume 7, Issue 2)

Received: 22 July 2018 Accepted: 28 August 2018 Published: 28 September 2018

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The concentration of the food stuffs by toxic metals is a threat and their exposure for long time has determinate effects on the health tutus of animals. Hen’s eggs and fish are one the main sources of protein but if contaminated by toxic heavy metals will cause a harmful effect on human health. This study aimed to assess the concentration of seven microelements performed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Namely (Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Lead, and Zinc) in tow samples of some animal products fresh (fish and hens egg) collected from the district popularly in Merowe-city-North Sudan. Heavy metals in hens eggs and fish samples were analyzed using (AAS) in accordance to standard analytical method data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis (ANOVA). To find out the significant difference of toxic heavy metals in fish sample the obtained results showed the average values Cd and Pb (0.100 and 0.720 mg/kg) respectively in fish sample were higher than permissible limits (p<0.05mg/kg) set by world health organization (WHO). The analysis of heavy metals in fish indicated among seven heavy metals tested, lead showed the highest concentration compered to levels essential elements followed by (0.170 for Co, 0.420 for Cu, 1.910 for Fe, 0.145 for Mn, and 2.685 mg/kg for Zn). Our results also showed that accumulation of heavy metals differed in the hens eggs sample recorded high levels of heavy metals found to Cd and Pb (0.070 and 0.305 mg/kg) respectively. The mean concentrations of essential elements followed (3.335 for Zn, 2.200 for Fe, 0.195 for Cu 0.090 for Co, and 0.070 mg/kg for Mn) respectively. Concentrations in sample of the studied fish showed that there were highly significant different between the Cd and Pb (0.100 and 0.720 m/kg) than hens eggs (0.070 and 0.305mg/kg).

Published in	American Journal of Physical Chemistry (Volume 7, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15
Page(s)	37-44
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Fish, Micro Elements, Hens Eggs, AAS, Heavy Metals, Food Safety

References

[1]	Hennery, P. R., and R. D. Miles. 2001. Heavy metals –Vanadium in poultry. Areview. Ciencia Animal Brasileira Jan. 2 (1):11-26.
[2]	Demirezen, O., and K. Uruc. 2006. Comparative study of trace elements in certain fish, meatandmeat products. Foods Chem.
[3]	Bokori, J., S. Fekete, R. Glavit, I. Kaday, J. Konez and L. Kovari. 1996. Complex study of the physiological role of Cadmium IV. Effects of prolonged dietary exposure of broiler chickens to cadmium. ActaVeterinarianHungarica.44:57-74.
[4]	Mariam, I., S. Iqbal and S. A. Nigeria 2004. Distribution of some trace and macro minerals in beef, mutt ion and poultry IN. J. Agri. biol.6:816-820.
[5]	Madeleine, P., Spiess M., Valceschini E. 2007. Poultry meat consumptiontrendsin Europe. Worlds, Poult. Sci. J. 64.
[6]	Hui-fen, Y., L., Xue-Yun and S. Wen 1994 National food contamination monitoring programmers levels of mercury, lead and cadmium in Chinesefood. Biomed Environ. Sci.7: 362-368.
[7]	William, C. H., and D. J. David. 1973. The effect of superphosphate on the cadmium content of soil and plants. Aust. J. soil Res. 11: 43-56 http//dx.doi.org/10.1071/SR9730043.
[8]	Mason,: C. F. Biolgy of fresh water pollution, 3rd ed., longman: London., 1996., pp36-377.
[9]	Meyer, E. Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Prentice-hall: Eaglewood Cliffs., 1977., pp 205-207.
[10]	Mac Farlane, G. R. and Burchette, M. D. (200). Cellular Distribution of copper, lead and Zinc in the Mangrove, Aviciennamarina (Forsk) Vierh, Aquat. Bot. 68, 45-59.
[11]	Censi, P., Spoto, S., E., Saiano, F., Sprovieri, M. and Mazzola S,(2006) Heavy Metals in Coastal Water System A Cast Study from North WesternGuifofChemosphere, 64:1167-1176.
[12]	Haram Hassan Abass Bakhiet, 2015. Determination of heavy Metals in fish and water from White Nile Khartoum city Sudan, Journal of Environment protection and sustainable Development Vol. I, n No. 3, pp. 178181.
[13]	Duruibe, J O., Ogwuegbu, M. O. C, and Egwurugw, J. N (2007). Heavy metals pollution and human bio toxic effects, Nigeria.
[14]	A. S Hammed, D. I. Alim, E. M. Babiker, and H. Assad 2015. Assessment of Heavy metal pollution in the White Nile River in Sudan, International Journal of Advance Research Vole. 3. No 10, 1270-1275.
[15]	Elagba Haj Ali Mohamed, Abdel-Rahman Osman, 2014 Heavy metals in water, Muscles and Gills of oreochromis Nilotic us Collected from the Sewage-Treated water and the white Nile, Sudan Vol 4, No06.
[16]	Joseph Clement Akan, Salwa Mahmoud, Bashir Shettima Yikala, Victor Obama Ogugbuaja, 2012 Bioaccumulation of Some heavy metals in fish Samples from River Benue in Vinikilang Adamawa State, Nigeria American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol 3, pp: 727-736.
[17]	Zerabruk Tesfamarium, Yunis M. H. Younis, Suleiman’s Elsanousi (2016). Assessment of heavy metals status of sediment andwater in Mainefhi and Toker drinking –water reservoirs of Asmara city Eritrea American Journal of Research Communication, Vol 4(6).
[18]	M. Ozturk, G Ozozen, O. Minareci (2009). Determination of heavy metal’s in fish, water and sediments of Avsar Dam laken Turkey Iran J. Environ. Health. Sei Eng, Vol 6, No. 2, pp 73-80.
[19]	Fouzi. A Mohamed, Fathia. A Khogaaliand Assad H Mohamed, 2016 Detection of the accumulation of heavy metals in oreochromisniloticus Fish flesh collected from three different Sudanese dams, International Journal of fisheries and Aquatic Studies Vol. 4, No, 5, pp: 284-80.
[20]	Aeniyi AA, Yusuf KA. Determination of heave metals in fish tissues water and bottom Sediments from Epe and Badagry Lagoons, Lagos, Nigeria Environ. Monitor Assess. 2007; 37:451-458.
[21]	Malik N, Biswas AK, Qureshi TA, Korana K, Virha R. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish tissues of freshwater lake Bhopal, Environ, Mani. Assess 2010, 160:267-267.
[22]	Gig ere A, Campbell PGC, Hare L, McDonald DG, Rasmussen JB. Influence of lake chemistry and fish age on cadmium, copperand zinc concentrations in various organs of indigenous yellow perch (perca flavescent). Cand. J Fish Aquatic Sei 2004; 61:702-716.
[23]	Agah H, Leer makers M, Elkins M, Fatima SMR, Banyans W. Accumulation of trace metals in the muscles and liver tissues of five fish species from the Persian Gulf Environ, Monit Assess. 2009; 157:499-514.
[24]	Yousafzai AM. Toxicological effects of Industrial effluents dumped in River Kabul on Mahaseer, Tor putitora at Aman Garh industrial area Nowhere Peshawar, Pakistan Ph.D thesis, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab New Campus Lahore, Pakistan. 2004.
[25]	FAO. The composition of fish. Available from 2004. http:L//www.fao.org/weirdoes /tx5916e/x5916col.htm.ppl-80.
[26]	Abdel Raheem HAEI-Basis, etal. level of four heavy metals in Two Fish Species collected from Aldubaseen Area Khartoum State, Sudan. EC Nutrition 6.4 (2017):130-134, relevance of chemical speciation in Metals and their compounds in the environment Marine, E. (Ed.), VCH Publishers: Berlin., 1991., pp67-103.
[27]	Terry, P.; WOLK, A.; Vainio, H., Weiderpass, E. Cancer Epidemiology. Biom. Prevent. 2002, 11.
[28]	Terry, P. Lichtenstein, P. Feychting, M.; Ahlbom, A.; Wolk, A. Lancet. 2001, 357, 1764.
[29]	La Vecchia, C.; Chaatenoud, L., ALtieri, A., Tavari, Nutr. Metabol. Cradiov. Dis. 2001, 11, 10.
[30]	Dougherty, C. P.; Henricks Holtz, S.; Reinert, J. C.; Panyacosit, I.; Axelrad, D. A.; Woodruff, T. J. Environ. Res. 2000, 84, 170.
[31]	Chance. G. W., Harmsen, E. Can. J. Public Health 1998, 89, S10
[32]	M. Ozturk, G Ozozen O. Minareci, E Minareci (2009). Determination of heavy metals in fish. Water and Sediments of Avsar Dam Lakein Turkey Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci Eng, Vol. 6. No. 2, pp73-80.
[33]	Nnadozie, C, U, Birnin –Yauri, U. A., Muhammad C (2014) Assessment of some dairy products sold in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. Inter. J., Adv. Res. in Chem. Sctry 1(10), 31-37.
[34]	Nordberg G. F. (2004): Cadmium and health in the 21 centaury –historical remarks atrends for the future Bio Metals. 17(5):485-489.
[35]	D.C National Academy Press: 394-419, 2001 Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Manganese Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc Washington.
[36]	G R E I M H., SNYDER R. Toxicology and Risk Assessment: A.
[37]	R. N. C., National Research council, (1989). Recommended dietary allowance, National Academy press Washington DC, Pp. 36-39.
[38]	Lawal, A. O., Mohammed, S. S., Damisa, D., 2006, Assessment of levels of copper, cadmium and lead in secretion of mammary gland of Cows grazed on open fields., Sci world J., 1(1), 7-10.
[39]	Meshref AMS, Moselhy WA Hassan NE-H (2014) Heavy metals and trace element levels in milk products. food measure 8:381-388. pp.
[40]	Zmudzki, J., and Szkoda J. (1996): Concentration of trace element in hens egg in Polar Bromatologa-i-Chema-Toksyologiczna. 29:55-57. P.
[41]	G ROPPET S, S., SMITH J. L, GROFF J. L., Advanced Nutrition and Human M etabolism. Thomson Wadsworth, 4^th Ed. Chapter 12, 2005.
[42]	HAUSERR. A., ZESIEWICZT. AROSEMURGY A, S., MARTINEZ C OLANOWC. W. Manganese intoxication and chronicliverfailure. Ann. Neurol., 36871, 1994.
[43]	ATSDR (2011), Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry. lead toxicity: How Are People Exposed lead ? Achieved Prom, the, original.
[44]	SSMO (2008a) and (2008b). Sudanese standard and metrolog Organization. Concentrations in milk SDS, 3952/2008. And concentrations in meat and meat products, SDS4144/2008.
[45]	Tassew, B. Ahmed, H. and Vegi Maheswara, R. (2014). Determination of concentration of Selected H heavy Metal s in cow’s milk: Borena Zone, Ethiopia. Journal of Health Science, 4(5):105-112.
[46]	Yuzbasi, N., Sezgin, E Yildrim, M. and Yildirim, N. (2003). Survey of lead, cadmium, iron and copper and zinc in kasar. food chemistry 20(5): 464-469. Comprehensive Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd USA, chapter 6m 2008.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Mawia Hassan Elsaim, Aisha Abd Elrhman, Alaa Ali, Rash Jame. (2018). Determination of Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Fish and Hens Eggs in Sudan. American Journal of Physical Chemistry, 7(2), 37-44. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Mawia Hassan Elsaim; Aisha Abd Elrhman; Alaa Ali; Rash Jame. Determination of Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Fish and Hens Eggs in Sudan. Am. J. Phys. Chem. 2018, 7(2), 37-44. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Mawia Hassan Elsaim, Aisha Abd Elrhman, Alaa Ali, Rash Jame. Determination of Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Fish and Hens Eggs in Sudan. Am J Phys Chem. 2018;7(2):37-44. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15,
  author = {Mawia Hassan Elsaim and Aisha Abd Elrhman and Alaa Ali and Rash Jame},
  title = {Determination of Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Fish and Hens Eggs in Sudan},
  journal = {American Journal of Physical Chemistry},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {37-44},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpc.20180702.15},
  abstract = {The concentration of the food stuffs by toxic metals is a threat and their exposure for long time has determinate effects on the health tutus of animals. Hen’s eggs and fish are one the main sources of protein but if contaminated by toxic heavy metals will cause a harmful effect on human health. This study aimed to assess the concentration of seven microelements performed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Namely (Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Lead, and Zinc) in tow samples of some animal products fresh (fish and hens egg) collected from the district popularly in Merowe-city-North Sudan. Heavy metals in hens eggs and fish samples were analyzed using (AAS) in accordance to standard analytical method data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis (ANOVA). To find out the significant difference of toxic heavy metals in fish sample the obtained results showed the average values Cd and Pb (0.100 and  0.720 mg/kg) respectively in fish sample were higher than permissible limits (p<0.05mg/kg) set by world health organization (WHO). The analysis of heavy metals in fish indicated among seven heavy metals tested, lead showed the highest concentration compered to levels essential elements followed by (0.170 for Co, 0.420 for Cu, 1.910 for Fe, 0.145 for Mn, and 2.685 mg/kg for Zn). Our results also showed that accumulation of heavy metals differed in the hens eggs sample recorded high levels of heavy metals found to Cd and Pb (0.070 and 0.305 mg/kg) respectively. The mean concentrations of essential elements followed (3.335 for Zn, 2.200 for Fe, 0.195 for Cu 0.090 for Co, and 0.070 mg/kg for Mn) respectively. Concentrations in sample of the studied fish showed that there were highly significant different between the Cd and Pb (0.100 and 0.720 m/kg) than hens eggs (0.070 and 0.305mg/kg).},
 year = {2018}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determination of Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Fish and Hens Eggs in Sudan
AU  - Mawia Hassan Elsaim
AU  - Aisha Abd Elrhman
AU  - Alaa Ali
AU  - Rash Jame
Y1  - 2018/09/28
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15
T2  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
SP  - 37
EP  - 44
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2449
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15
AB  - The concentration of the food stuffs by toxic metals is a threat and their exposure for long time has determinate effects on the health tutus of animals. Hen’s eggs and fish are one the main sources of protein but if contaminated by toxic heavy metals will cause a harmful effect on human health. This study aimed to assess the concentration of seven microelements performed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Namely (Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Lead, and Zinc) in tow samples of some animal products fresh (fish and hens egg) collected from the district popularly in Merowe-city-North Sudan. Heavy metals in hens eggs and fish samples were analyzed using (AAS) in accordance to standard analytical method data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis (ANOVA). To find out the significant difference of toxic heavy metals in fish sample the obtained results showed the average values Cd and Pb (0.100 and  0.720 mg/kg) respectively in fish sample were higher than permissible limits (p<0.05mg/kg) set by world health organization (WHO). The analysis of heavy metals in fish indicated among seven heavy metals tested, lead showed the highest concentration compered to levels essential elements followed by (0.170 for Co, 0.420 for Cu, 1.910 for Fe, 0.145 for Mn, and 2.685 mg/kg for Zn). Our results also showed that accumulation of heavy metals differed in the hens eggs sample recorded high levels of heavy metals found to Cd and Pb (0.070 and 0.305 mg/kg) respectively. The mean concentrations of essential elements followed (3.335 for Zn, 2.200 for Fe, 0.195 for Cu 0.090 for Co, and 0.070 mg/kg for Mn) respectively. Concentrations in sample of the studied fish showed that there were highly significant different between the Cd and Pb (0.100 and 0.720 m/kg) than hens eggs (0.070 and 0.305mg/kg).
VL  - 7
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Mawia Hassan Elsaim

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Abdulatif Alhamed University of Technology, Merowe, Sudan
Aisha Abd Elrhman

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Abdulatif Alhamed University of Technology, Merowe, Sudan
Alaa Ali

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Abdulatif Alhamed University of Technology, Merowe, Sudan
Rash Jame

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, University of Dalanj, Dalanj, Sudan

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Mawia Hassan Elsaim, Aisha Abd Elrhman, Alaa Ali, Rash Jame. (2018). Determination of Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Fish and Hens Eggs in Sudan. American Journal of Physical Chemistry, 7(2), 37-44. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Mawia Hassan Elsaim; Aisha Abd Elrhman; Alaa Ali; Rash Jame. Determination of Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Fish and Hens Eggs in Sudan. Am. J. Phys. Chem. 2018, 7(2), 37-44. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Mawia Hassan Elsaim, Aisha Abd Elrhman, Alaa Ali, Rash Jame. Determination of Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Fish and Hens Eggs in Sudan. Am J Phys Chem. 2018;7(2):37-44. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15,
  author = {Mawia Hassan Elsaim and Aisha Abd Elrhman and Alaa Ali and Rash Jame},
  title = {Determination of Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Fish and Hens Eggs in Sudan},
  journal = {American Journal of Physical Chemistry},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {37-44},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpc.20180702.15},
  abstract = {The concentration of the food stuffs by toxic metals is a threat and their exposure for long time has determinate effects on the health tutus of animals. Hen’s eggs and fish are one the main sources of protein but if contaminated by toxic heavy metals will cause a harmful effect on human health. This study aimed to assess the concentration of seven microelements performed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Namely (Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Lead, and Zinc) in tow samples of some animal products fresh (fish and hens egg) collected from the district popularly in Merowe-city-North Sudan. Heavy metals in hens eggs and fish samples were analyzed using (AAS) in accordance to standard analytical method data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis (ANOVA). To find out the significant difference of toxic heavy metals in fish sample the obtained results showed the average values Cd and Pb (0.100 and  0.720 mg/kg) respectively in fish sample were higher than permissible limits (p<0.05mg/kg) set by world health organization (WHO). The analysis of heavy metals in fish indicated among seven heavy metals tested, lead showed the highest concentration compered to levels essential elements followed by (0.170 for Co, 0.420 for Cu, 1.910 for Fe, 0.145 for Mn, and 2.685 mg/kg for Zn). Our results also showed that accumulation of heavy metals differed in the hens eggs sample recorded high levels of heavy metals found to Cd and Pb (0.070 and 0.305 mg/kg) respectively. The mean concentrations of essential elements followed (3.335 for Zn, 2.200 for Fe, 0.195 for Cu 0.090 for Co, and 0.070 mg/kg for Mn) respectively. Concentrations in sample of the studied fish showed that there were highly significant different between the Cd and Pb (0.100 and 0.720 m/kg) than hens eggs (0.070 and 0.305mg/kg).},
 year = {2018}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determination of Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Fish and Hens Eggs in Sudan
AU  - Mawia Hassan Elsaim
AU  - Aisha Abd Elrhman
AU  - Alaa Ali
AU  - Rash Jame
Y1  - 2018/09/28
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15
T2  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
SP  - 37
EP  - 44
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2449
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20180702.15
AB  - The concentration of the food stuffs by toxic metals is a threat and their exposure for long time has determinate effects on the health tutus of animals. Hen’s eggs and fish are one the main sources of protein but if contaminated by toxic heavy metals will cause a harmful effect on human health. This study aimed to assess the concentration of seven microelements performed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Namely (Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Lead, and Zinc) in tow samples of some animal products fresh (fish and hens egg) collected from the district popularly in Merowe-city-North Sudan. Heavy metals in hens eggs and fish samples were analyzed using (AAS) in accordance to standard analytical method data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis (ANOVA). To find out the significant difference of toxic heavy metals in fish sample the obtained results showed the average values Cd and Pb (0.100 and  0.720 mg/kg) respectively in fish sample were higher than permissible limits (p<0.05mg/kg) set by world health organization (WHO). The analysis of heavy metals in fish indicated among seven heavy metals tested, lead showed the highest concentration compered to levels essential elements followed by (0.170 for Co, 0.420 for Cu, 1.910 for Fe, 0.145 for Mn, and 2.685 mg/kg for Zn). Our results also showed that accumulation of heavy metals differed in the hens eggs sample recorded high levels of heavy metals found to Cd and Pb (0.070 and 0.305 mg/kg) respectively. The mean concentrations of essential elements followed (3.335 for Zn, 2.200 for Fe, 0.195 for Cu 0.090 for Co, and 0.070 mg/kg for Mn) respectively. Concentrations in sample of the studied fish showed that there were highly significant different between the Cd and Pb (0.100 and 0.720 m/kg) than hens eggs (0.070 and 0.305mg/kg).
VL  - 7
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download