<i>In vivo</i> Micro-Tomographic Visualization of Capillary Angio-Dynamics Around Upper Dermis Under Mechanical Stimulus Using Low Coherence Interferometer “Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy”

Daisuke Furukawa; Souichi Saeki; Takafumi Ito; Yoshiaki Nishino

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13

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In vivo Micro-Tomographic Visualization of Capillary Angio-Dynamics Around Upper Dermis Under Mechanical Stimulus Using Low Coherence Interferometer “Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy”

Daisuke Furukawa, Souichi Saeki, Takafumi Ito, Yoshiaki Nishino

Published in American Journal of Physics and Applications (Volume 6, Issue 4)

Received: 26 July 2018 Accepted: 9 August 2018 Published: 10 September 2018

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Abstract

The skin aging process, e.g. wrinkles and sagging, caused by not only aging but also ultraviolet irradiation, could be related to the depression of metabolic function. Therefore, an in vivo quantitative measurement of capillary blood flow velocity governing skin metabolism functionally, i.e. microcirculation, is crucial to clarify the skin aging and to create skincare products. The purpose of this study is to visualize the tomographic velocity of red blood cell in capillaries just below human epidermal skin using Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy, namely OCDV. This was constructed on a low coherence interferometer, which could provide tomographic distribution of flow-modulated Doppler frequency by developing OCDV algorithm of Hilbert transform and adjacent autocorrelation. In order to validate OCDV system, this was in vivo applied to human forearm skin under respective mechanically stimulated conditions of control and avascularization. As a result, a cross-sectional imaging of blood flow velocity was found to display not only morphological OCT images but also networks of capillary vasculature inside dermal tissue. It was confirmed that blood flow velocity further decreased in upper dermis under avascularization than control condition. Additionally, OCDV could provide a velocity map of blood flow having sensitivity to mechanical stimulus, so has strong efficacy to diagnose “Capillary Angio-Dynamics” of skin tissue. In conclusions, OCDV system could be quite useful for a micro-tomographic imaging of blood flow velocity of capillaries inside skin.

Published in	American Journal of Physics and Applications (Volume 6, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13
Page(s)	89-96
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), Optical Coherence Doppler Venography (OCDV), Microcirculation, Blood Flow Velocity Measurement, Hilbert Transform, Adjacent Auto-Correlation, Flow-Modulated Doppler Frequency, Mechanical Stimulus

References

[1]	Ganceviciene, R., et al., Skin anti-aging strategies, Dermato-Endocrinology, Vol. 4, Issue 3, (2012), pp. 308-319.
[2]	Adachi, H., et al., Increase of stratifin triggered by ultraviolet irradiation is possibly related to premature aging of human skin, Experimental Dermatology, Vol. 23, (2014), pp. 32-36.
[3]	Shimizu, H., Shimizu’s textbook of dermatology, Hokkaido University Press, (2007), Chapter 1, Chapter 17.
[4]	Berardesca, E., et al., Non Invasive Diagnostic Techniques in Clinical Dermatology, Springer, (2014), pp. 311-328.
[5]	Fujimoto, J., et al., The Development, Commercialization, and Impact of Optical Coherence Tomography, Investigative ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 57, No. 9, (2016), pp. 1-13.
[6]	Zhang Q., et al., Wide-field imaging of retinal vasculature using optical coherence tomography-based microangiography provided by motion tracking, Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 20(6), (2015), 066008.
[7]	Vivek J Srinivasan, et al., Micro-heterogeneity of flow in a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion revealed by longitudinal Doppler optical coherence tomography and angiography, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, Vol. 35, (2015), pp. 1552-1560.
[8]	Tearney, G. J., et al., High-speed phase- and group-delay scanning with a grating-based phase control delay line, Optics Letters, Vol. 22, Issue 23, (1997), pp. 1811-1813.
[9]	King, F. W., Hilbert transforms, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2009).
[10]	Kasai, C., et al., Real-time two-dimensional blood flow imaging using an autocorrelation technique, IEEE Trans. Sonics and Ultrasonics, Vol. 32, No. 3, (1985), pp. 458-464.
[11]	Bouma, B., Handbook of Optical Coherence Tomography, Academic Press, New York, (2006).
[12]	Schmitt, J. M., Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): A Review, IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 5, No. 4 (1999), pp. 1134-1142.
[13]	Furukawa, D., et al., Accuracy Evaluation on Tomographic Micro-visualization of Flow Velocity using High Frequency Modulated Low Coherence Interferometer, Journal of JSEM, Vol. 17, No. 1, (2017), pp. 52-56, (in Japanese).
[14]	Irwin M. Braveman et al, Correlation of laser doppler wave patterns with underlying microvascular anatomy, Journal of Investigative Dermatology Vol. 95(3), (1990), pp. 283-286.
[15]	Welzel, J., et al., Optical coherence tomography of the human skin, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Vol. 37, (1997), pp. 958-963.
[16]	Enfield, J., et al., In vivo imaging of the microcirculation of the volar forearm using correlation mapping optical coherence tomography (cmOCT). Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 2, No. 5, (2011), pp. 1184-1193.
[17]	Imanishi, M., et al., Three-dimensional venous anatomy of the dermis observed using stereography, Journal of Anatomy. Vol. 212, No. 5, (2008), pp. 669-673.
[18]	Watanabe, M., et al., High speed digital video capillaroscopy nailfold capillary shape analysis and red blood cell velocity measurement, Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, (2007), pp. 81-92.
[19]	Stucker, M., et al., Capillary blood cell velocity in human skin capillaries located perpendicularly to the skin surface: measured by a new laser Doppler anemometer, Microvascular Research, Vol. 52 No. 2, (1996), pp. 188-192.

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APA Style

Daisuke Furukawa, Souichi Saeki, Takafumi Ito, Yoshiaki Nishino. (2018). In vivo Micro-Tomographic Visualization of Capillary Angio-Dynamics Around Upper Dermis Under Mechanical Stimulus Using Low Coherence Interferometer “Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy”. American Journal of Physics and Applications, 6(4), 89-96. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13

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ACS Style

Daisuke Furukawa; Souichi Saeki; Takafumi Ito; Yoshiaki Nishino. In vivo Micro-Tomographic Visualization of Capillary Angio-Dynamics Around Upper Dermis Under Mechanical Stimulus Using Low Coherence Interferometer “Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy”. Am. J. Phys. Appl. 2018, 6(4), 89-96. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13

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AMA Style

Daisuke Furukawa, Souichi Saeki, Takafumi Ito, Yoshiaki Nishino. In vivo Micro-Tomographic Visualization of Capillary Angio-Dynamics Around Upper Dermis Under Mechanical Stimulus Using Low Coherence Interferometer “Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy”. Am J Phys Appl. 2018;6(4):89-96. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13,
  author = {Daisuke Furukawa and Souichi Saeki and Takafumi Ito and Yoshiaki Nishino},
  title = {In vivo Micro-Tomographic Visualization of Capillary Angio-Dynamics Around Upper Dermis Under Mechanical Stimulus Using Low Coherence Interferometer “Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy”},
  journal = {American Journal of Physics and Applications},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {89-96},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpa.20180604.13},
  abstract = {The skin aging process, e.g. wrinkles and sagging, caused by not only aging but also ultraviolet irradiation, could be related to the depression of metabolic function. Therefore, an in vivo quantitative measurement of capillary blood flow velocity governing skin metabolism functionally, i.e. microcirculation, is crucial to clarify the skin aging and to create skincare products. The purpose of this study is to visualize the tomographic velocity of red blood cell in capillaries just below human epidermal skin using Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy, namely OCDV. This was constructed on a low coherence interferometer, which could provide tomographic distribution of flow-modulated Doppler frequency by developing OCDV algorithm of Hilbert transform and adjacent autocorrelation. In order to validate OCDV system, this was in vivo applied to human forearm skin under respective mechanically stimulated conditions of control and avascularization. As a result, a cross-sectional imaging of blood flow velocity was found to display not only morphological OCT images but also networks of capillary vasculature inside dermal tissue. It was confirmed that blood flow velocity further decreased in upper dermis under avascularization than control condition. Additionally, OCDV could provide a velocity map of blood flow having sensitivity to mechanical stimulus, so has strong efficacy to diagnose “Capillary Angio-Dynamics” of skin tissue. In conclusions, OCDV system could be quite useful for a micro-tomographic imaging of blood flow velocity of capillaries inside skin.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - In vivo Micro-Tomographic Visualization of Capillary Angio-Dynamics Around Upper Dermis Under Mechanical Stimulus Using Low Coherence Interferometer “Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy”
AU  - Daisuke Furukawa
AU  - Souichi Saeki
AU  - Takafumi Ito
AU  - Yoshiaki Nishino
Y1  - 2018/09/10
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13
T2  - American Journal of Physics and Applications
JF  - American Journal of Physics and Applications
JO  - American Journal of Physics and Applications
SP  - 89
EP  - 96
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-4308
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13
AB  - The skin aging process, e.g. wrinkles and sagging, caused by not only aging but also ultraviolet irradiation, could be related to the depression of metabolic function. Therefore, an in vivo quantitative measurement of capillary blood flow velocity governing skin metabolism functionally, i.e. microcirculation, is crucial to clarify the skin aging and to create skincare products. The purpose of this study is to visualize the tomographic velocity of red blood cell in capillaries just below human epidermal skin using Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy, namely OCDV. This was constructed on a low coherence interferometer, which could provide tomographic distribution of flow-modulated Doppler frequency by developing OCDV algorithm of Hilbert transform and adjacent autocorrelation. In order to validate OCDV system, this was in vivo applied to human forearm skin under respective mechanically stimulated conditions of control and avascularization. As a result, a cross-sectional imaging of blood flow velocity was found to display not only morphological OCT images but also networks of capillary vasculature inside dermal tissue. It was confirmed that blood flow velocity further decreased in upper dermis under avascularization than control condition. Additionally, OCDV could provide a velocity map of blood flow having sensitivity to mechanical stimulus, so has strong efficacy to diagnose “Capillary Angio-Dynamics” of skin tissue. In conclusions, OCDV system could be quite useful for a micro-tomographic imaging of blood flow velocity of capillaries inside skin.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Daisuke Furukawa

Mechanical & Physical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
Souichi Saeki

Mechanical & Physical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
Takafumi Ito

Takaoka Toko Co. LTD., Shizuoka, Japan
Yoshiaki Nishino

Takaoka Toko Co. LTD., Shizuoka, Japan

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Daisuke Furukawa, Souichi Saeki, Takafumi Ito, Yoshiaki Nishino. (2018). In vivo Micro-Tomographic Visualization of Capillary Angio-Dynamics Around Upper Dermis Under Mechanical Stimulus Using Low Coherence Interferometer “Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy”. American Journal of Physics and Applications, 6(4), 89-96. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13

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ACS Style

Daisuke Furukawa; Souichi Saeki; Takafumi Ito; Yoshiaki Nishino. In vivo Micro-Tomographic Visualization of Capillary Angio-Dynamics Around Upper Dermis Under Mechanical Stimulus Using Low Coherence Interferometer “Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy”. Am. J. Phys. Appl. 2018, 6(4), 89-96. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13

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AMA Style

Daisuke Furukawa, Souichi Saeki, Takafumi Ito, Yoshiaki Nishino. In vivo Micro-Tomographic Visualization of Capillary Angio-Dynamics Around Upper Dermis Under Mechanical Stimulus Using Low Coherence Interferometer “Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy”. Am J Phys Appl. 2018;6(4):89-96. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13,
  author = {Daisuke Furukawa and Souichi Saeki and Takafumi Ito and Yoshiaki Nishino},
  title = {In vivo Micro-Tomographic Visualization of Capillary Angio-Dynamics Around Upper Dermis Under Mechanical Stimulus Using Low Coherence Interferometer “Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy”},
  journal = {American Journal of Physics and Applications},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {89-96},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpa.20180604.13},
  abstract = {The skin aging process, e.g. wrinkles and sagging, caused by not only aging but also ultraviolet irradiation, could be related to the depression of metabolic function. Therefore, an in vivo quantitative measurement of capillary blood flow velocity governing skin metabolism functionally, i.e. microcirculation, is crucial to clarify the skin aging and to create skincare products. The purpose of this study is to visualize the tomographic velocity of red blood cell in capillaries just below human epidermal skin using Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy, namely OCDV. This was constructed on a low coherence interferometer, which could provide tomographic distribution of flow-modulated Doppler frequency by developing OCDV algorithm of Hilbert transform and adjacent autocorrelation. In order to validate OCDV system, this was in vivo applied to human forearm skin under respective mechanically stimulated conditions of control and avascularization. As a result, a cross-sectional imaging of blood flow velocity was found to display not only morphological OCT images but also networks of capillary vasculature inside dermal tissue. It was confirmed that blood flow velocity further decreased in upper dermis under avascularization than control condition. Additionally, OCDV could provide a velocity map of blood flow having sensitivity to mechanical stimulus, so has strong efficacy to diagnose “Capillary Angio-Dynamics” of skin tissue. In conclusions, OCDV system could be quite useful for a micro-tomographic imaging of blood flow velocity of capillaries inside skin.},
 year = {2018}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - In vivo Micro-Tomographic Visualization of Capillary Angio-Dynamics Around Upper Dermis Under Mechanical Stimulus Using Low Coherence Interferometer “Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy”
AU  - Daisuke Furukawa
AU  - Souichi Saeki
AU  - Takafumi Ito
AU  - Yoshiaki Nishino
Y1  - 2018/09/10
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13
T2  - American Journal of Physics and Applications
JF  - American Journal of Physics and Applications
JO  - American Journal of Physics and Applications
SP  - 89
EP  - 96
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-4308
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20180604.13
AB  - The skin aging process, e.g. wrinkles and sagging, caused by not only aging but also ultraviolet irradiation, could be related to the depression of metabolic function. Therefore, an in vivo quantitative measurement of capillary blood flow velocity governing skin metabolism functionally, i.e. microcirculation, is crucial to clarify the skin aging and to create skincare products. The purpose of this study is to visualize the tomographic velocity of red blood cell in capillaries just below human epidermal skin using Optical Coherence Doppler Velocigraphy, namely OCDV. This was constructed on a low coherence interferometer, which could provide tomographic distribution of flow-modulated Doppler frequency by developing OCDV algorithm of Hilbert transform and adjacent autocorrelation. In order to validate OCDV system, this was in vivo applied to human forearm skin under respective mechanically stimulated conditions of control and avascularization. As a result, a cross-sectional imaging of blood flow velocity was found to display not only morphological OCT images but also networks of capillary vasculature inside dermal tissue. It was confirmed that blood flow velocity further decreased in upper dermis under avascularization than control condition. Additionally, OCDV could provide a velocity map of blood flow having sensitivity to mechanical stimulus, so has strong efficacy to diagnose “Capillary Angio-Dynamics” of skin tissue. In conclusions, OCDV system could be quite useful for a micro-tomographic imaging of blood flow velocity of capillaries inside skin.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

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