Estimation of Fetal Age Sonographically Using Umbilical Cord Diameter in Second and Third Trimester

Elsafi Ahmed Abdalla; Caroline Edward Ayad; Farida Ahmed Eisa

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16

| Peer-Reviewed

Estimation of Fetal Age Sonographically Using Umbilical Cord Diameter in Second and Third Trimester

Elsafi Ahmed Abdalla, Caroline Edward Ayad, Farida Ahmed Eisa

Published in American Journal of Health Research (Volume 2, Issue 2)

Received: 26 February 2014 Accepted: 8 April 2014 Published: 10 April 2014

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Assessment of gestational age is paramount in obstetric care. This study was to evaluate the gestational age (GA) by measuring the Umbilical Cord Diameter (UCD) in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and to compare the findings with the Femur Length (FL), Bi- parietal Diameter (BPD) and Last Menstrual Period (LMP). Fifty Sudanese Pregnant women underwent routine sonographic examination using 3.5MHz curve liner transducer; the sonographic cross-sectional area of the umbilical cord was measured in a plane adjacent to the insertion of the cord into the fetal abdomen. Maternal age and number of parity have been evaluated. The relation was statistically significant between UCD depth, width and GA. Gestational age can be predicted and can be depicted by the following equations: GA= (1.380 × UCD length +8.160) and GA= (1.545× UCD width+5.943). There was unsubstantial relation between UCD and maternal age. A linear relationship was found between parity and the UCD depth and width. Using paired T-test indicates that the GAs calculated from FL was accurate, there was no significant difference detected between the LMP age and the estimated one and UCD depth, width, but BPD showed significant difference at p = 0.005 .Measuring UCD is useful for the assessment of gestational age. It has a role in obstetric care in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and these equations can be used to estimate the gestational age instead of BPD and FL.

Published in	American Journal of Health Research (Volume 2, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16
Page(s)	68-72
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Gestation Age, Umbilical Cord, Ultrasound

References

[1]	R. Brown, L .Di Luzio, and C. Gomes, K .Nicolaides. The umbilical artery pulsatility index in the first trimester: is there an association with increased nuchal translucency or chromosomal abnormality? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol; 12: 244–7,(1998)
[2]	M .Coppens, P.h. Loquet, M. Kollen, F. De Neubourg, P Buytaert. Longitudinal evaluation of utero placental and umbilical blood flow changes in normal early pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol; 7: 114–21,(1996)
[3]	J.L .Alcazar, J .Rovira, M.L .Ruiz-Pérez, G .López-Garcia. Transvaginal color Doppler assessment of fetal circulation in normal early pregnancy. Fetal Diagn Ther; 12: 178–84,(1997)
[4]	F .Qureshi, S.M .Jacques. Marked segmental thinning of the umbilical cord vessels. Arch Pathol Lab Med.;118:826–830,(1994)
[5]	Y. Sun, S .Arbuckle, G. Hocking, V. Billso Umbilical cord stricture and intrauterine fetal death. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med.; 5:723–32. (1995)
[6]	R.L .Deter, R.B. Harrist. Assessment of normal fetal growth .in: Chervenak FA, I saacson GC, Cambell S, editor. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and gynecology. Boston/Toronto/London: Little, Brown and Company;.p.361-85,(1993)
[7]	R.L .Deter. Evaluation of quantitative obstetrical Ultrasound studies .In: Deter RL, Harrist RB, Birnholz JC, Hadlock FP, editor. Quantitative obstetrical Ultrasonography. New Yourk : Churchill Livingstone; p.15-30. (1986)
[8]	F.P. Hadlock. Gestational age determination: Third Trimester .In: Chervenak FA, Isaacson GC, Campbell S, editor. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and gynecology. Boston/Toronto/London: Little, Brown and company;.p.311-20,(1993)
[9]	L.M. Hill, D.M .Di Nofrio, D .Guzick. Sonographic determination of first Trimester umbilical cord length. J Clin Ultrasound; 22: 435–8,(1994)
[10]	L. Raio, F .Ghezzi, E .Di Naro, M. Franchi, E. Maymon, M.D .Mueller, H .Brühwiler. Prenatal diagnosis of a lean umbilical cord: a simple marker for the fetus at risk of being small for gestational age at birth. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol; 13: 176–80,(1999)
[11]	E .Di Naro, F .Ghezzi, L .Raio, M .Franchi, V .D’Addario, G .Lanzillotti, H .Schneider. Umbilical vein blood flow in fetuses with normal and lean umbilical cord. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol; 17: 224–8,(2001)
[12]	J.F Bruch, O. Sibony, K .Benali, C .Challier, P. Blot, C Nessmann. Computerized microscope morphometry of umbilical vessels from pregnancies with intrauterine growth retardation and abnormal umbilical artery Doppler. Hum Pathol; 28: 1139–45,(1997)
[13]	A .Weissman, P .Jakobi. Sonographic measurements of the umbilical cord in pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes. J Ultrasound Med; 16: 691–4,(1997)
[14]	R.K. Silver, S.L .Dooley, R.K. Tamura, R .Depp. Umbilical cord size and amniotic fluid volume in prolonged pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 157: 716–20,(1987)
[15]	R.C .Goodlin. Fetal dys maturity, ‘lean cord’, and fetal distress. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 56: 716,(1987)
[16]	Robin B. Kalish, Frank Chervenak Sonographic Determination Of Gestational Age; Tmj, Vol. 59, No. 2,202-208,( 2009)
[17]	R .Romero. Routine obstetric ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol; 3:303-7. (2003)
[18]	P .Taipale, V .Hiilesmaa Predicting delivery date by ultrasound and last menstrual period in early gestation. Obstet Gynecol; 97:189-94. ( 2001)
[19]	M.H .Hall, R.A Carr-Hill. The significance of uncertain gestation for obstetric outcome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol; 92:452-60,(1985)
[20]	L.M .Hellman, M .Kobayashi, Fillisti L et al: Growth and development of the human fetus prior to the twentieth week of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 103: 789-800,(1969)
[21]	P.C Jouppila: Length and depth of the uterus and the diameter of the gestation sac in normal gravidas during early pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 50 (suppl): 29. (1971)
[22]	A.B. Kurtz, R.J. Wapner, R.J. Kurtz et al. Analysis of biparietal diameter as an accurate indicator of gestational age. J Clin Ultrasound 8:319-326,(1980).
[23]	F.P .Hadlock, R.L. Deter, R.B .Harrist, S.K. Park: Fetal biparietal diameter: A critical reevaluation of the relation to menstrual age by means of real-time ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med 1: 97-104. (1982)
[24]	Hadlock FP, Deter RL, Harrist RB, Park SK: Fetal head circumference: Relation to menstrual age. AJR Am J Roentgenol;138(4): 649-653. (1982 )
[25]	F.P. Hadlock, R.L .Deter, R.B .Harrist, S.K. Park: fetal abdominal circumference as a predictor of menstrual age. AJR Am J Roentgenol; 139: 367-370,(1982)
[26]	P .Jeanty, F .Rodesch, D .Delbeke, J.E .Dumont: Estimation of gestational age from measurement of fetal long bones. J Ultrasound Med 3: 75-79,(1984)
[27]	J.E .Rumm: The prediction of delivery date by ultrasonic measurement of fetal crown-rump length. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 84: 1-5. ,(1977)
[28]	M .Hepard, R.A .Filly: A standardized plane for biparietal diameter measurement. J Ultrasound Med 1: 145. (1982)
[29]	R.M .Lunt, Chard L: Reproducibility of measurement of fetal biparietal diameter by ultrasonic cephalometry. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 81: 682-685(1974 )
[30]	J.M .Davison, T. Lind, V. Farr, T.A Whittingham: The limitations of ultrasonic fetal cephalometry. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 80: 769-775,(1981)
[31]	P .Jeanty, F .Rodesch, D. Delbeke, J.E .Dumont: Estimation of gestational age from measurement of fetal long bones. J Ultrasound Med 3: 75-79(1984).

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Elsafi Ahmed Abdalla, Caroline Edward Ayad, Farida Ahmed Eisa. (2014). Estimation of Fetal Age Sonographically Using Umbilical Cord Diameter in Second and Third Trimester. American Journal of Health Research, 2(2), 68-72. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Elsafi Ahmed Abdalla; Caroline Edward Ayad; Farida Ahmed Eisa. Estimation of Fetal Age Sonographically Using Umbilical Cord Diameter in Second and Third Trimester. Am. J. Health Res. 2014, 2(2), 68-72. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Elsafi Ahmed Abdalla, Caroline Edward Ayad, Farida Ahmed Eisa. Estimation of Fetal Age Sonographically Using Umbilical Cord Diameter in Second and Third Trimester. Am J Health Res. 2014;2(2):68-72. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16,
  author = {Elsafi Ahmed Abdalla and Caroline Edward Ayad and Farida Ahmed Eisa},
  title = {Estimation of Fetal Age Sonographically Using Umbilical Cord Diameter in Second and Third Trimester},
  journal = {American Journal of Health Research},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {68-72},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajhr.20140202.16},
  abstract = {Assessment of gestational age is paramount in obstetric care. This study was to evaluate the gestational age (GA) by measuring the Umbilical Cord Diameter (UCD) in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and to compare the findings with the Femur Length (FL), Bi- parietal Diameter (BPD) and Last Menstrual Period (LMP). Fifty Sudanese Pregnant women underwent routine sonographic examination using 3.5MHz curve liner transducer; the sonographic cross-sectional area of the umbilical cord was measured in a plane adjacent to the insertion of the cord into the fetal abdomen. Maternal age and number of parity have been evaluated. The relation was statistically significant between UCD depth, width and GA. Gestational age can be predicted and can be depicted by the following equations: GA= (1.380 × UCD length +8.160) and GA= (1.545× UCD width+5.943). There was unsubstantial relation between UCD and maternal age. A linear relationship was found between parity and the UCD depth and width. Using paired T-test indicates that the GAs calculated from FL was accurate, there was no significant difference detected between the LMP age and the estimated one and UCD depth, width, but BPD showed significant difference at p = 0.005 .Measuring UCD is useful for the assessment of gestational age. It has a role in obstetric care in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and these equations can be used to estimate the gestational age instead of BPD and FL.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Estimation of Fetal Age Sonographically Using Umbilical Cord Diameter in Second and Third Trimester
AU  - Elsafi Ahmed Abdalla
AU  - Caroline Edward Ayad
AU  - Farida Ahmed Eisa
Y1  - 2014/04/10
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16
T2  - American Journal of Health Research
JF  - American Journal of Health Research
JO  - American Journal of Health Research
SP  - 68
EP  - 72
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8796
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16
AB  - Assessment of gestational age is paramount in obstetric care. This study was to evaluate the gestational age (GA) by measuring the Umbilical Cord Diameter (UCD) in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and to compare the findings with the Femur Length (FL), Bi- parietal Diameter (BPD) and Last Menstrual Period (LMP). Fifty Sudanese Pregnant women underwent routine sonographic examination using 3.5MHz curve liner transducer; the sonographic cross-sectional area of the umbilical cord was measured in a plane adjacent to the insertion of the cord into the fetal abdomen. Maternal age and number of parity have been evaluated. The relation was statistically significant between UCD depth, width and GA. Gestational age can be predicted and can be depicted by the following equations: GA= (1.380 × UCD length +8.160) and GA= (1.545× UCD width+5.943). There was unsubstantial relation between UCD and maternal age. A linear relationship was found between parity and the UCD depth and width. Using paired T-test indicates that the GAs calculated from FL was accurate, there was no significant difference detected between the LMP age and the estimated one and UCD depth, width, but BPD showed significant difference at p = 0.005 .Measuring UCD is useful for the assessment of gestational age. It has a role in obstetric care in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and these equations can be used to estimate the gestational age instead of BPD and FL.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Elsafi Ahmed Abdalla

Ultrasound Department College of Medical Radiological Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
Caroline Edward Ayad

Ultrasound Department College of Medical Radiological Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
Farida Ahmed Eisa

Ultrasound Department College of Medical Radiological Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Elsafi Ahmed Abdalla, Caroline Edward Ayad, Farida Ahmed Eisa. (2014). Estimation of Fetal Age Sonographically Using Umbilical Cord Diameter in Second and Third Trimester. American Journal of Health Research, 2(2), 68-72. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Elsafi Ahmed Abdalla; Caroline Edward Ayad; Farida Ahmed Eisa. Estimation of Fetal Age Sonographically Using Umbilical Cord Diameter in Second and Third Trimester. Am. J. Health Res. 2014, 2(2), 68-72. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Elsafi Ahmed Abdalla, Caroline Edward Ayad, Farida Ahmed Eisa. Estimation of Fetal Age Sonographically Using Umbilical Cord Diameter in Second and Third Trimester. Am J Health Res. 2014;2(2):68-72. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16,
  author = {Elsafi Ahmed Abdalla and Caroline Edward Ayad and Farida Ahmed Eisa},
  title = {Estimation of Fetal Age Sonographically Using Umbilical Cord Diameter in Second and Third Trimester},
  journal = {American Journal of Health Research},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {68-72},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajhr.20140202.16},
  abstract = {Assessment of gestational age is paramount in obstetric care. This study was to evaluate the gestational age (GA) by measuring the Umbilical Cord Diameter (UCD) in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and to compare the findings with the Femur Length (FL), Bi- parietal Diameter (BPD) and Last Menstrual Period (LMP). Fifty Sudanese Pregnant women underwent routine sonographic examination using 3.5MHz curve liner transducer; the sonographic cross-sectional area of the umbilical cord was measured in a plane adjacent to the insertion of the cord into the fetal abdomen. Maternal age and number of parity have been evaluated. The relation was statistically significant between UCD depth, width and GA. Gestational age can be predicted and can be depicted by the following equations: GA= (1.380 × UCD length +8.160) and GA= (1.545× UCD width+5.943). There was unsubstantial relation between UCD and maternal age. A linear relationship was found between parity and the UCD depth and width. Using paired T-test indicates that the GAs calculated from FL was accurate, there was no significant difference detected between the LMP age and the estimated one and UCD depth, width, but BPD showed significant difference at p = 0.005 .Measuring UCD is useful for the assessment of gestational age. It has a role in obstetric care in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and these equations can be used to estimate the gestational age instead of BPD and FL.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Estimation of Fetal Age Sonographically Using Umbilical Cord Diameter in Second and Third Trimester
AU  - Elsafi Ahmed Abdalla
AU  - Caroline Edward Ayad
AU  - Farida Ahmed Eisa
Y1  - 2014/04/10
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16
T2  - American Journal of Health Research
JF  - American Journal of Health Research
JO  - American Journal of Health Research
SP  - 68
EP  - 72
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8796
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20140202.16
AB  - Assessment of gestational age is paramount in obstetric care. This study was to evaluate the gestational age (GA) by measuring the Umbilical Cord Diameter (UCD) in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and to compare the findings with the Femur Length (FL), Bi- parietal Diameter (BPD) and Last Menstrual Period (LMP). Fifty Sudanese Pregnant women underwent routine sonographic examination using 3.5MHz curve liner transducer; the sonographic cross-sectional area of the umbilical cord was measured in a plane adjacent to the insertion of the cord into the fetal abdomen. Maternal age and number of parity have been evaluated. The relation was statistically significant between UCD depth, width and GA. Gestational age can be predicted and can be depicted by the following equations: GA= (1.380 × UCD length +8.160) and GA= (1.545× UCD width+5.943). There was unsubstantial relation between UCD and maternal age. A linear relationship was found between parity and the UCD depth and width. Using paired T-test indicates that the GAs calculated from FL was accurate, there was no significant difference detected between the LMP age and the estimated one and UCD depth, width, but BPD showed significant difference at p = 0.005 .Measuring UCD is useful for the assessment of gestational age. It has a role in obstetric care in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and these equations can be used to estimate the gestational age instead of BPD and FL.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download