Risk Factors of Pre-Diabetes among Adult Nigerians with Essential Hypertension in a Resource-Constrained Setting of a Primary Care Clinic in Eastern Nigeria

Gabriel Uche Pascal Iloh; Ndubueze Richard Uchenna; Nnadozie Paul Obiegbu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14

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Risk Factors of Pre-Diabetes among Adult Nigerians with Essential Hypertension in a Resource-Constrained Setting of a Primary Care Clinic in Eastern Nigeria

Gabriel Uche Pascal Iloh, Ndubueze Richard Uchenna, Nnadozie Paul Obiegbu

Published in American Journal of Health Research (Volume 1, Issue 3)

Received: 2 September 2013 Published: 30 October 2013

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Abstract

Background: As the case detection of pre-diabetes(PD) increases worldwide, screening for its risk factors which overlap with those of type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM) is an important primary care challenge that is often neglected especially in under-resourced setting. Aim: This study was designed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of pre-diabetes among adult Nigerians with essential hypertension in a resource-constrained setting of a primary care clinic in Eastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out on 320 consecutive adult Nigerians with essential hypertension who were screened for PD and 106 of them who had PD and met the inclusion criteria were age and sex matched with 106 non-hypertensive and non-diabetic control. Demographic and some risk factors of PD were obtained using a pretested, structured and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Pre-diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose of 100-125 mg/dL and /or plasma glucose level of 140-199 mg/dL two hours after a 75g oral glucose load. Results: One hundred and six (33.1%) out of the 320 hypertensive patients screened had PD. Obesity (P=0.001), positive family history of DM (P=0.001) and inadequate physical activity (P=0.001) were significantly associated with PD. The most significant predictor of PD was obesity(OR=12.50(2.38-34.48), P=0.001).The obese patients were twelve and half times more likely to have PD compared to their non-obese counterparts. Conclusion: There was high prevalence of PD in adult hypertensive study population. Obesity, family history of DM and inadequate physical activity were proximate independent risk factors. The presence of these risk factors should therefore provide guide for screening adult Nigerians with essential hypertension for PD in primary care.

Published in	American Journal of Health Research (Volume 1, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14
Page(s)	56-64
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Adult, Hypertension, Nigeria, Pre-Diabetes, Primary Care, Risk Factors

References

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APA Style

Gabriel Uche Pascal Iloh, Ndubueze Richard Uchenna, Nnadozie Paul Obiegbu. (2013). Risk Factors of Pre-Diabetes among Adult Nigerians with Essential Hypertension in a Resource-Constrained Setting of a Primary Care Clinic in Eastern Nigeria. American Journal of Health Research, 1(3), 56-64. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14

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ACS Style

Gabriel Uche Pascal Iloh; Ndubueze Richard Uchenna; Nnadozie Paul Obiegbu. Risk Factors of Pre-Diabetes among Adult Nigerians with Essential Hypertension in a Resource-Constrained Setting of a Primary Care Clinic in Eastern Nigeria. Am. J. Health Res. 2013, 1(3), 56-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14

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AMA Style

Gabriel Uche Pascal Iloh, Ndubueze Richard Uchenna, Nnadozie Paul Obiegbu. Risk Factors of Pre-Diabetes among Adult Nigerians with Essential Hypertension in a Resource-Constrained Setting of a Primary Care Clinic in Eastern Nigeria. Am J Health Res. 2013;1(3):56-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14,
  author = {Gabriel Uche Pascal Iloh and Ndubueze Richard Uchenna and Nnadozie Paul Obiegbu},
  title = {Risk Factors of Pre-Diabetes among Adult Nigerians with Essential Hypertension in a Resource-Constrained Setting of a Primary Care Clinic in Eastern Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Health Research},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {56-64},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajhr.20130103.14},
  abstract = {Background: As the case detection of pre-diabetes(PD) increases worldwide, screening for its risk factors which overlap with those of type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM) is an important primary care challenge that is often neglected especially in under-resourced setting. Aim: This study was designed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of pre-diabetes among adult Nigerians with essential hypertension in a resource-constrained setting of a primary care clinic in Eastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out on 320 consecutive adult Nigerians with essential hypertension who were screened for PD and 106 of them who had PD and met the inclusion criteria were age and sex matched with 106 non-hypertensive and non-diabetic control. Demographic and some risk factors of PD were obtained using a pretested, structured and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Pre-diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose of 100-125 mg/dL and /or plasma glucose level of 140-199 mg/dL two hours after a 75g oral glucose load. Results: One hundred and six (33.1%) out of the 320 hypertensive patients screened had PD. Obesity (P=0.001), positive family history of DM (P=0.001) and inadequate physical activity (P=0.001) were significantly associated with PD. The most significant predictor of PD was obesity(OR=12.50(2.38-34.48), P=0.001).The obese patients were twelve and half times more likely to have PD compared to their non-obese counterparts. Conclusion: There was high prevalence of PD in adult hypertensive study population. Obesity, family history of DM and inadequate physical activity were proximate independent risk factors. The presence of these risk factors should therefore provide guide for screening adult Nigerians with essential hypertension for PD in primary care.},
 year = {2013}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Risk Factors of Pre-Diabetes among Adult Nigerians with Essential Hypertension in a Resource-Constrained Setting of a Primary Care Clinic in Eastern Nigeria
AU  - Gabriel Uche Pascal Iloh
AU  - Ndubueze Richard Uchenna
AU  - Nnadozie Paul Obiegbu
Y1  - 2013/10/30
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14
T2  - American Journal of Health Research
JF  - American Journal of Health Research
JO  - American Journal of Health Research
SP  - 56
EP  - 64
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8796
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14
AB  - Background: As the case detection of pre-diabetes(PD) increases worldwide, screening for its risk factors which overlap with those of type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM) is an important primary care challenge that is often neglected especially in under-resourced setting. Aim: This study was designed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of pre-diabetes among adult Nigerians with essential hypertension in a resource-constrained setting of a primary care clinic in Eastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out on 320 consecutive adult Nigerians with essential hypertension who were screened for PD and 106 of them who had PD and met the inclusion criteria were age and sex matched with 106 non-hypertensive and non-diabetic control. Demographic and some risk factors of PD were obtained using a pretested, structured and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Pre-diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose of 100-125 mg/dL and /or plasma glucose level of 140-199 mg/dL two hours after a 75g oral glucose load. Results: One hundred and six (33.1%) out of the 320 hypertensive patients screened had PD. Obesity (P=0.001), positive family history of DM (P=0.001) and inadequate physical activity (P=0.001) were significantly associated with PD. The most significant predictor of PD was obesity(OR=12.50(2.38-34.48), P=0.001).The obese patients were twelve and half times more likely to have PD compared to their non-obese counterparts. Conclusion: There was high prevalence of PD in adult hypertensive study population. Obesity, family history of DM and inadequate physical activity were proximate independent risk factors. The presence of these risk factors should therefore provide guide for screening adult Nigerians with essential hypertension for PD in primary care.
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Gabriel Uche Pascal Iloh

Department of Family Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria
Ndubueze Richard Uchenna

Department of Family Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria
Nnadozie Paul Obiegbu

Ministry of Health, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria and Trainer in Family Medicine Residency, Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, and Umuahia, Nigeria

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Gabriel Uche Pascal Iloh, Ndubueze Richard Uchenna, Nnadozie Paul Obiegbu. (2013). Risk Factors of Pre-Diabetes among Adult Nigerians with Essential Hypertension in a Resource-Constrained Setting of a Primary Care Clinic in Eastern Nigeria. American Journal of Health Research, 1(3), 56-64. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14

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ACS Style

Gabriel Uche Pascal Iloh; Ndubueze Richard Uchenna; Nnadozie Paul Obiegbu. Risk Factors of Pre-Diabetes among Adult Nigerians with Essential Hypertension in a Resource-Constrained Setting of a Primary Care Clinic in Eastern Nigeria. Am. J. Health Res. 2013, 1(3), 56-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14

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AMA Style

Gabriel Uche Pascal Iloh, Ndubueze Richard Uchenna, Nnadozie Paul Obiegbu. Risk Factors of Pre-Diabetes among Adult Nigerians with Essential Hypertension in a Resource-Constrained Setting of a Primary Care Clinic in Eastern Nigeria. Am J Health Res. 2013;1(3):56-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14,
  author = {Gabriel Uche Pascal Iloh and Ndubueze Richard Uchenna and Nnadozie Paul Obiegbu},
  title = {Risk Factors of Pre-Diabetes among Adult Nigerians with Essential Hypertension in a Resource-Constrained Setting of a Primary Care Clinic in Eastern Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Health Research},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {56-64},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajhr.20130103.14},
  abstract = {Background: As the case detection of pre-diabetes(PD) increases worldwide, screening for its risk factors which overlap with those of type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM) is an important primary care challenge that is often neglected especially in under-resourced setting. Aim: This study was designed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of pre-diabetes among adult Nigerians with essential hypertension in a resource-constrained setting of a primary care clinic in Eastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out on 320 consecutive adult Nigerians with essential hypertension who were screened for PD and 106 of them who had PD and met the inclusion criteria were age and sex matched with 106 non-hypertensive and non-diabetic control. Demographic and some risk factors of PD were obtained using a pretested, structured and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Pre-diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose of 100-125 mg/dL and /or plasma glucose level of 140-199 mg/dL two hours after a 75g oral glucose load. Results: One hundred and six (33.1%) out of the 320 hypertensive patients screened had PD. Obesity (P=0.001), positive family history of DM (P=0.001) and inadequate physical activity (P=0.001) were significantly associated with PD. The most significant predictor of PD was obesity(OR=12.50(2.38-34.48), P=0.001).The obese patients were twelve and half times more likely to have PD compared to their non-obese counterparts. Conclusion: There was high prevalence of PD in adult hypertensive study population. Obesity, family history of DM and inadequate physical activity were proximate independent risk factors. The presence of these risk factors should therefore provide guide for screening adult Nigerians with essential hypertension for PD in primary care.},
 year = {2013}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Risk Factors of Pre-Diabetes among Adult Nigerians with Essential Hypertension in a Resource-Constrained Setting of a Primary Care Clinic in Eastern Nigeria
AU  - Gabriel Uche Pascal Iloh
AU  - Ndubueze Richard Uchenna
AU  - Nnadozie Paul Obiegbu
Y1  - 2013/10/30
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14
T2  - American Journal of Health Research
JF  - American Journal of Health Research
JO  - American Journal of Health Research
SP  - 56
EP  - 64
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8796
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20130103.14
AB  - Background: As the case detection of pre-diabetes(PD) increases worldwide, screening for its risk factors which overlap with those of type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM) is an important primary care challenge that is often neglected especially in under-resourced setting. Aim: This study was designed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of pre-diabetes among adult Nigerians with essential hypertension in a resource-constrained setting of a primary care clinic in Eastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out on 320 consecutive adult Nigerians with essential hypertension who were screened for PD and 106 of them who had PD and met the inclusion criteria were age and sex matched with 106 non-hypertensive and non-diabetic control. Demographic and some risk factors of PD were obtained using a pretested, structured and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Pre-diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose of 100-125 mg/dL and /or plasma glucose level of 140-199 mg/dL two hours after a 75g oral glucose load. Results: One hundred and six (33.1%) out of the 320 hypertensive patients screened had PD. Obesity (P=0.001), positive family history of DM (P=0.001) and inadequate physical activity (P=0.001) were significantly associated with PD. The most significant predictor of PD was obesity(OR=12.50(2.38-34.48), P=0.001).The obese patients were twelve and half times more likely to have PD compared to their non-obese counterparts. Conclusion: There was high prevalence of PD in adult hypertensive study population. Obesity, family history of DM and inadequate physical activity were proximate independent risk factors. The presence of these risk factors should therefore provide guide for screening adult Nigerians with essential hypertension for PD in primary care.
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
ER  -

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