Effect of Helminth Infections on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccines: A Classical Review

Vicky Gent; Simeon Mogaka

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11

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Effect of Helminth Infections on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccines: A Classical Review

Vicky Gent, Simeon Mogaka

Published in American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences (Volume 6, Issue 6)

Received: 3 November 2018 Accepted: 20 November 2018 Published: 21 December 2018

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Abstract

Vaccines are responsible for the reduced cases of mortality caused by infections worldwide. However a number of studies have shown that helminth infections have strong immune modulatory effects. Due to this, they have been considered as one of the contributing causes of lowered immune responses induced by vaccines observed in developing areas, where these infections are endemic. This is often due to the host’s inability to mount an effective protective immune response once receiving the vaccine. Nevertheless, it has been shown that elimination of the helminth infections, with the use of antihelminthic treatment, would improve recipients’ immune responses to vaccines. These helminth infections such as Ascariasis, hookworm and schistosomiasis are rampant in developing countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. This remains a major health concern as helminth infections, especially those that remain untreated, would reduce efficacy of vaccines thus posing a serious risk of increased infections leading to outbreaks in these areas. The effects helminths have on the immune responses elicited by vaccines still remain unclear as relatively little information is available. This could be due to lack of controlled experiments involving animal models, especially the Non-human primates. This review compiles information from a number of peer reviewed articles and aims to explain the host-parasite interaction, the immune response generated and summarizes how helminth infections affects the immune responses of various vaccines. This may provide a greater understanding of the strategies helminths use to evade the immune system which in turn affect the immune responses elicited by vaccines.

Published in	American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences (Volume 6, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11
Page(s)	113-117
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Vaccines, Helminths, Immunomodulatory

References

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APA Style

Vicky Gent, Simeon Mogaka. (2018). Effect of Helminth Infections on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccines: A Classical Review. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences, 6(6), 113-117. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11

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Vicky Gent; Simeon Mogaka. Effect of Helminth Infections on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccines: A Classical Review. Am. J. Biomed. Life Sci. 2018, 6(6), 113-117. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11

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AMA Style

Vicky Gent, Simeon Mogaka. Effect of Helminth Infections on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccines: A Classical Review. Am J Biomed Life Sci. 2018;6(6):113-117. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11,
  author = {Vicky Gent and Simeon Mogaka},
  title = {Effect of Helminth Infections on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccines: A Classical Review},
  journal = {American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences},
  volume = {6},
  number = {6},
  pages = {113-117},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbls.20180606.11},
  abstract = {Vaccines are responsible for the reduced cases of mortality caused by infections worldwide. However a number of studies have shown that helminth infections have strong immune modulatory effects. Due to this, they have been considered as one of the contributing causes of lowered immune responses induced by vaccines observed in developing areas, where these infections are endemic. This is often due to the host’s inability to mount an effective protective immune response once receiving the vaccine. Nevertheless, it has been shown that elimination of the helminth infections, with the use of antihelminthic treatment, would improve recipients’ immune responses to vaccines. These helminth infections such as Ascariasis, hookworm and schistosomiasis are rampant in developing countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. This remains a major health concern as helminth infections, especially those that remain untreated, would reduce efficacy of vaccines thus posing a serious risk of increased infections leading to outbreaks in these areas. The effects helminths have on the immune responses elicited by vaccines still remain unclear as relatively little information is available. This could be due to lack of controlled experiments involving animal models, especially the Non-human primates. This review compiles information from a number of peer reviewed articles and aims to explain the host-parasite interaction, the immune response generated and summarizes how helminth infections affects the immune responses of various vaccines. This may provide a greater understanding of the strategies helminths use to evade the immune system which in turn affect the immune responses elicited by vaccines.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effect of Helminth Infections on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccines: A Classical Review
AU  - Vicky Gent
AU  - Simeon Mogaka
Y1  - 2018/12/21
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11
T2  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
JF  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
JO  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
SP  - 113
EP  - 117
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-880X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11
AB  - Vaccines are responsible for the reduced cases of mortality caused by infections worldwide. However a number of studies have shown that helminth infections have strong immune modulatory effects. Due to this, they have been considered as one of the contributing causes of lowered immune responses induced by vaccines observed in developing areas, where these infections are endemic. This is often due to the host’s inability to mount an effective protective immune response once receiving the vaccine. Nevertheless, it has been shown that elimination of the helminth infections, with the use of antihelminthic treatment, would improve recipients’ immune responses to vaccines. These helminth infections such as Ascariasis, hookworm and schistosomiasis are rampant in developing countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. This remains a major health concern as helminth infections, especially those that remain untreated, would reduce efficacy of vaccines thus posing a serious risk of increased infections leading to outbreaks in these areas. The effects helminths have on the immune responses elicited by vaccines still remain unclear as relatively little information is available. This could be due to lack of controlled experiments involving animal models, especially the Non-human primates. This review compiles information from a number of peer reviewed articles and aims to explain the host-parasite interaction, the immune response generated and summarizes how helminth infections affects the immune responses of various vaccines. This may provide a greater understanding of the strategies helminths use to evade the immune system which in turn affect the immune responses elicited by vaccines.
VL  - 6
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Vicky Gent

Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
Simeon Mogaka

Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya

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Vicky Gent, Simeon Mogaka. (2018). Effect of Helminth Infections on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccines: A Classical Review. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences, 6(6), 113-117. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11

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ACS Style

Vicky Gent; Simeon Mogaka. Effect of Helminth Infections on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccines: A Classical Review. Am. J. Biomed. Life Sci. 2018, 6(6), 113-117. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11

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AMA Style

Vicky Gent, Simeon Mogaka. Effect of Helminth Infections on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccines: A Classical Review. Am J Biomed Life Sci. 2018;6(6):113-117. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11,
  author = {Vicky Gent and Simeon Mogaka},
  title = {Effect of Helminth Infections on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccines: A Classical Review},
  journal = {American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences},
  volume = {6},
  number = {6},
  pages = {113-117},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbls.20180606.11},
  abstract = {Vaccines are responsible for the reduced cases of mortality caused by infections worldwide. However a number of studies have shown that helminth infections have strong immune modulatory effects. Due to this, they have been considered as one of the contributing causes of lowered immune responses induced by vaccines observed in developing areas, where these infections are endemic. This is often due to the host’s inability to mount an effective protective immune response once receiving the vaccine. Nevertheless, it has been shown that elimination of the helminth infections, with the use of antihelminthic treatment, would improve recipients’ immune responses to vaccines. These helminth infections such as Ascariasis, hookworm and schistosomiasis are rampant in developing countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. This remains a major health concern as helminth infections, especially those that remain untreated, would reduce efficacy of vaccines thus posing a serious risk of increased infections leading to outbreaks in these areas. The effects helminths have on the immune responses elicited by vaccines still remain unclear as relatively little information is available. This could be due to lack of controlled experiments involving animal models, especially the Non-human primates. This review compiles information from a number of peer reviewed articles and aims to explain the host-parasite interaction, the immune response generated and summarizes how helminth infections affects the immune responses of various vaccines. This may provide a greater understanding of the strategies helminths use to evade the immune system which in turn affect the immune responses elicited by vaccines.},
 year = {2018}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effect of Helminth Infections on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccines: A Classical Review
AU  - Vicky Gent
AU  - Simeon Mogaka
Y1  - 2018/12/21
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11
T2  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
JF  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
JO  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
SP  - 113
EP  - 117
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-880X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11
AB  - Vaccines are responsible for the reduced cases of mortality caused by infections worldwide. However a number of studies have shown that helminth infections have strong immune modulatory effects. Due to this, they have been considered as one of the contributing causes of lowered immune responses induced by vaccines observed in developing areas, where these infections are endemic. This is often due to the host’s inability to mount an effective protective immune response once receiving the vaccine. Nevertheless, it has been shown that elimination of the helminth infections, with the use of antihelminthic treatment, would improve recipients’ immune responses to vaccines. These helminth infections such as Ascariasis, hookworm and schistosomiasis are rampant in developing countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. This remains a major health concern as helminth infections, especially those that remain untreated, would reduce efficacy of vaccines thus posing a serious risk of increased infections leading to outbreaks in these areas. The effects helminths have on the immune responses elicited by vaccines still remain unclear as relatively little information is available. This could be due to lack of controlled experiments involving animal models, especially the Non-human primates. This review compiles information from a number of peer reviewed articles and aims to explain the host-parasite interaction, the immune response generated and summarizes how helminth infections affects the immune responses of various vaccines. This may provide a greater understanding of the strategies helminths use to evade the immune system which in turn affect the immune responses elicited by vaccines.
VL  - 6
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download