Effect of Flower Farm Effluents on Diversity and Composition of Macro Invertebrates in Marura Wetland

Daniel Albert Wandera; Monicah Nanjala Mukhwana

doi:doi:10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11

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Effect of Flower Farm Effluents on Diversity and Composition of Macro Invertebrates in Marura Wetland

Daniel Albert Wandera, Monicah Nanjala Mukhwana

Published in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Volume 5, Issue 6)

Received: 28 August 2016 Accepted: 12 September 2016 Published: 9 October 2016

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Abstract

Wetlands are important sites for biological conservation due to their rich biodiversity which possess high productivity. They also offer shelter to many organisms and offers services such as water purification and flood control. However, biodiversity in wetlands has been reduced due to human activities that cause pollution like, flower farm effluents which are discharged directly to wetlands or river systems. Four water quality parameters; DO, BOD, pH, TDS, TSS and macro-invertebrates composition were investigated at four different stations (S1, S2, S3, S4) adjacent to Equator Flower Farm along the Marura wetland. PAST program was used to calculate diversity indices and richness in the macroinvertebrates communities. Station S2 had the highest temperature (22.6°C), whereas S4 had the lowest temperature (19.6°C). The pH value did not vary along the stations (8.3-6.3). The DO level fluctuated along the river, station S1 had highest level of 3.6 m/l and lowest station S3 had 0.8mg/l. TSS and TDS did not show significant variations, while BOD levels varied with different stations. The highest value of TN was recorded at Station 3 (0.33±0.045mgl^-1). There was no significant difference (p=0.055) in three stations (S1, S2, S4) except S3. In total 10 orders, 30 genera and 30 families of macroinvertebrates were identified. The orders; Odonata, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera were the main macroinvertebrates found in all station, while the members of orders; Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Oligochaeta Mollusca, Gnathobellidae and Isopoda were few in all sampling stations. Station S2 and S4 had the highest species diversity compared to station S1 and S3 which had the lowest diversity. DO, BOD and temperature were found to have a significant effect on abundance and composition of benthic organisms with S3 having less abundance due to its proximity to the flower farm.

Published in	Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Volume 5, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11
Page(s)	207-214
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bioindicators, Benthic Macroinvertebrate, Wetlands, Water Quality

References

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[4]	Clenaghan, C., Giller P. S., O′Halloran J. & Hernan R. 1998. Stream macroinvertebrate communities in a conifer-afforested catchment in Ireland: Relationships to physico- chemical and biotic factors. – Journal of Fish Biology, 14, 165-75. doi: 10.1046/j.1365- 2427.1998.00330.x.
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[8]	Jaetzold, Ralph, and Helmut Schmidt. 1983. Farm management handbook of Kenya. 4 vols. Nairobi: Kenya Ministry of Agriculture. pp. 739. http://www.abebooks.com/?cm_sp=TopNav-_-Results-_-Logo. (accessed on December 187 2014).
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[10]	Masese F. O., Muchiri M. & Raburu P. O. 2009. Macroinvertebrate assemblages as biological indicators of water quality in the Moiben River, Kenya. African journal of aquatic sciences. 193 2009, 34 (1): (15-26) doi: 10.2989/AJAS.2009.34.1.2.727
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[14]	Quinn J. M., Cooper A. B., Davies-Colley R. J., Rutherford J. C., Williamson R. B. 1997. Land-use effects on habitat, water quality, periphyton, and benthic macroinvertebrates in Waikato, New Zealand, hill-country streams. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research (special İssue): 32: 579–597.
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APA Style

Daniel Albert Wandera, Monicah Nanjala Mukhwana. (2016). Effect of Flower Farm Effluents on Diversity and Composition of Macro Invertebrates in Marura Wetland. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 5(6), 207-214. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11

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ACS Style

Daniel Albert Wandera; Monicah Nanjala Mukhwana. Effect of Flower Farm Effluents on Diversity and Composition of Macro Invertebrates in Marura Wetland. Agric. For. Fish. 2016, 5(6), 207-214. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11

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AMA Style

Daniel Albert Wandera, Monicah Nanjala Mukhwana. Effect of Flower Farm Effluents on Diversity and Composition of Macro Invertebrates in Marura Wetland. Agric For Fish. 2016;5(6):207-214. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11

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@article{10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11,
  author = {Daniel Albert Wandera and Monicah Nanjala Mukhwana},
  title = {Effect of Flower Farm Effluents on Diversity and Composition of Macro Invertebrates in Marura Wetland},
  journal = {Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries},
  volume = {5},
  number = {6},
  pages = {207-214},
  doi = {10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.aff.20160506.11},
  abstract = {Wetlands are important sites for biological conservation due to their rich biodiversity which possess high productivity. They also offer shelter to many organisms and offers services such as water purification and flood control. However, biodiversity in wetlands has been reduced due to human activities that cause pollution like, flower farm effluents which are discharged directly to wetlands or river systems. Four water quality parameters; DO, BOD, pH, TDS, TSS and macro-invertebrates composition were investigated at four different stations (S1, S2, S3, S4) adjacent to Equator Flower Farm along the Marura wetland. PAST program was used to calculate diversity indices and richness in the macroinvertebrates communities. Station S2 had the highest temperature (22.6°C), whereas S4 had the lowest temperature (19.6°C). The pH value did not vary along the stations (8.3-6.3). The DO level fluctuated along the river, station S1 had highest level of 3.6 m/l and lowest station S3 had 0.8mg/l. TSS and TDS did not show significant variations, while BOD levels varied with different stations. The highest value of TN was recorded at Station 3 (0.33±0.045mgl-1). There was no significant difference (p=0.055) in three stations (S1, S2, S4) except S3. In total 10 orders, 30 genera and 30 families of macroinvertebrates were identified. The orders; Odonata, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera were the main macroinvertebrates found in all station, while the members of orders; Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Oligochaeta Mollusca, Gnathobellidae and Isopoda were few in all sampling stations. Station S2 and S4 had the highest species diversity compared to station S1 and S3 which had the lowest diversity. DO, BOD and temperature were found to have a significant effect on abundance and composition of benthic organisms with S3 having less abundance due to its proximity to the flower farm.},
 year = {2016}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of Flower Farm Effluents on Diversity and Composition of Macro Invertebrates in Marura Wetland
AU - Daniel Albert Wandera
AU - Monicah Nanjala Mukhwana
Y1 - 2016/10/09
PY - 2016
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11
DO - 10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11
T2 - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
JF - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
JO - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
SP - 207
EP - 214
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2328-5648
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11
AB - Wetlands are important sites for biological conservation due to their rich biodiversity which possess high productivity. They also offer shelter to many organisms and offers services such as water purification and flood control. However, biodiversity in wetlands has been reduced due to human activities that cause pollution like, flower farm effluents which are discharged directly to wetlands or river systems. Four water quality parameters; DO, BOD, pH, TDS, TSS and macro-invertebrates composition were investigated at four different stations (S1, S2, S3, S4) adjacent to Equator Flower Farm along the Marura wetland. PAST program was used to calculate diversity indices and richness in the macroinvertebrates communities. Station S2 had the highest temperature (22.6°C), whereas S4 had the lowest temperature (19.6°C). The pH value did not vary along the stations (8.3-6.3). The DO level fluctuated along the river, station S1 had highest level of 3.6 m/l and lowest station S3 had 0.8mg/l. TSS and TDS did not show significant variations, while BOD levels varied with different stations. The highest value of TN was recorded at Station 3 (0.33±0.045mgl-1). There was no significant difference (p=0.055) in three stations (S1, S2, S4) except S3. In total 10 orders, 30 genera and 30 families of macroinvertebrates were identified. The orders; Odonata, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera were the main macroinvertebrates found in all station, while the members of orders; Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Oligochaeta Mollusca, Gnathobellidae and Isopoda were few in all sampling stations. Station S2 and S4 had the highest species diversity compared to station S1 and S3 which had the lowest diversity. DO, BOD and temperature were found to have a significant effect on abundance and composition of benthic organisms with S3 having less abundance due to its proximity to the flower farm.
VL - 5
IS - 6
ER -

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Author Information

Daniel Albert Wandera

Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
Monicah Nanjala Mukhwana

Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya

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APA Style

Daniel Albert Wandera, Monicah Nanjala Mukhwana. (2016). Effect of Flower Farm Effluents on Diversity and Composition of Macro Invertebrates in Marura Wetland. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 5(6), 207-214. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11

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ACS Style

Daniel Albert Wandera; Monicah Nanjala Mukhwana. Effect of Flower Farm Effluents on Diversity and Composition of Macro Invertebrates in Marura Wetland. Agric. For. Fish. 2016, 5(6), 207-214. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11

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AMA Style

Daniel Albert Wandera, Monicah Nanjala Mukhwana. Effect of Flower Farm Effluents on Diversity and Composition of Macro Invertebrates in Marura Wetland. Agric For Fish. 2016;5(6):207-214. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11

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@article{10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11,
  author = {Daniel Albert Wandera and Monicah Nanjala Mukhwana},
  title = {Effect of Flower Farm Effluents on Diversity and Composition of Macro Invertebrates in Marura Wetland},
  journal = {Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries},
  volume = {5},
  number = {6},
  pages = {207-214},
  doi = {10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20160506.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.aff.20160506.11},
  abstract = {Wetlands are important sites for biological conservation due to their rich biodiversity which possess high productivity. They also offer shelter to many organisms and offers services such as water purification and flood control. However, biodiversity in wetlands has been reduced due to human activities that cause pollution like, flower farm effluents which are discharged directly to wetlands or river systems. Four water quality parameters; DO, BOD, pH, TDS, TSS and macro-invertebrates composition were investigated at four different stations (S1, S2, S3, S4) adjacent to Equator Flower Farm along the Marura wetland. PAST program was used to calculate diversity indices and richness in the macroinvertebrates communities. Station S2 had the highest temperature (22.6°C), whereas S4 had the lowest temperature (19.6°C). The pH value did not vary along the stations (8.3-6.3). The DO level fluctuated along the river, station S1 had highest level of 3.6 m/l and lowest station S3 had 0.8mg/l. TSS and TDS did not show significant variations, while BOD levels varied with different stations. The highest value of TN was recorded at Station 3 (0.33±0.045mgl-1). There was no significant difference (p=0.055) in three stations (S1, S2, S4) except S3. In total 10 orders, 30 genera and 30 families of macroinvertebrates were identified. The orders; Odonata, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera were the main macroinvertebrates found in all station, while the members of orders; Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Oligochaeta Mollusca, Gnathobellidae and Isopoda were few in all sampling stations. Station S2 and S4 had the highest species diversity compared to station S1 and S3 which had the lowest diversity. DO, BOD and temperature were found to have a significant effect on abundance and composition of benthic organisms with S3 having less abundance due to its proximity to the flower farm.},
 year = {2016}
}

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